Love and Friendship Essay

Aristotle once said, â€Å"Friendship is a single soul dwelling in two bodies.† As everyone knows, it is one of the important things in our lives. It is the only ship that doesn’t sink even without the captain or the crew. Love and affection must maintain its equilibrium otherwise, that friendship can’t be possible. Friendship is a gift by God; it is the beginning of love and care and it should be cherished by every individual. Did you ever realize life without it? Like your family, a friend is your number one supporter and maybe a favorer of a cause. A friend can be the best of all or your worst enemy. They can be your annoying sister who teases you, laugh at you and make fun of you or your loving mother who gives you advice, hug you and protect you. Friendship is between you and your friends and it depends on how you treat them and how they treat you back. If you haven’t learned the meaning of friendship, you really haven’t learned anything. For me, a friend’s argument hurts more than a broken partner’s relationship. A broken trust cannot easily rearrange your relationship with your friends. It’s like a crumpled paper, you can use it again but its appearance will be unpleasant. You can never straighten the wrinkles on the paper unless you replace it with a new one. Friendship is built on trust and it should be until the end of time. There are lots of benefits your friend can give you. First, they can be your light in the dark – you should never seek them because if they’re true, they will always be there for you. Next, they can be your shield to protect you and your strength to boost your confidence. Lastly, they can be your partner in crime. They can help you in times of need, they can give you a lot of advice, they can lift you up when you’re down etc. If life goes wrong, don’t worry, they won’t turn their back against you. As Plato said, â€Å"Friends have all things in common.† They teach us how to be strong in facing reality and how to fight for what we believe. This is one of the proofs why God created people with other people. People can’t leave without friends because a friend teaches everything and they don’t just benefit us, they benefit all. You’ll experience great and strange adventures if you have them and you’ll learn a lot because of them. Come; see the world behind your wall with me my friend.

Fahrenheit 9/11

The movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was released in the year 2004 in which the award winning director â€Å"Michael Moore† had directed this film that receives various positive feedback from the movie critics. The motion film â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† is movie, which examines the Bush administration's and its financial connection to Saudi Arabia and the family of the most notorious terrorist â€Å"Osama Bin laden†. This movie is considered to be as one of the most critical and controversial movie that had been produced in the modern time of movie industry. Nevertheless, the controversial movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was well appreciated and awarded by the award giving body â€Å"Cannes Festival† for the prestigious â€Å"Palme d'Or† award. As a talented director â€Å"Michael Moore† had detailed the considered controversial political event in the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush for both before and after the tragic terror attacks on the New York City, World Trade Center way back September 11, 2001. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) Moreover, the award winning movie Fahrenheit 9/11 reveals the true story on how the United States government had helped the family of the leader of a notorious terrorist group â€Å"Osama Bin Laden† to go back right away in Saudi Arabia after the horrible September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the United States World Trade Center. This movie serves as the tool to reveal the conspiracy of the â€Å"Bush Administration†, which had committed unethical action during the most difficult moment in the United States. Furthermore, the documentary movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† also examines the true story on the process of the â€Å"Bush Administration† on military recruitment for the planned war in Iraq. The movie Fahrenheit 9/11 had reveals as well the true purpose president George W. Bush and his Administration on the war in Iraq. In the end this movie had revealed critical information and the conspiracies of President George W. Bush and his administration. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) On the other hand, fear or previous terror experience is considered has the ability to trigger military offence and sacrifice the democratic values. It fair enough to say that safety of the specific country or person is always the concern of the government in which it is justifiable to sacrifice the democratic values to ensure the safety of its people and its country. Due the fact that act of terror is a big threat in the – society, people and the economy government will definitely take the necessary of actions even if it means to sacrifice their democratic values as well as the essence of the democratic to protect their interests from any threats of terrorism. Reference IGN Entertainment; Inc. (2008), Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004): Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fahrenheit_911/#synopsis            

William Henry III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William Henry III - Essay Example In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Socrates presented a caveman who only knows of darkness. He further presented another caveman who went out, saw the light, came back and considered blind in the darkness. And then he asked who is better off between the caveman who remained and the caveman who left and then blinded by the light. (350 B.C.) The caveman who left is better learned but the caveman who remained can better see. So, are they equal In my opinion, men are never equal. With regard to the cavemen, being in the cave at that point in time, I think the caveman who remained is superior compared to the caveman who left. For if you are bound and chained inside the cave with no chance of escaping, what use is your knowledge of light However, if eventually, the caveman who left was able to adjust his vision so he is no longer blind in the darkness, he is superior. For he no longer has a handicap and yet he knows something the other caveman does not. In Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics he said that every art, inquiry, action and pursuit is aimed at some good. And that certain activities produce different ends. Some might result to the end itself or master end, while some might result in a product leading to the end or subordinate end. (350 B.C.) For example, the end of Medical Arts is health. Thus the act of the doctor of prescribing medicine to the sick and the act of the nurse of taking care of the patient all leads to the master end: health. However, the act of an x-ray technician only leads to a subordinate end: the production of the x-ray result. This is because without analysis of the result and without a cure given, health is not attained. Hence we can say a doctor is superior that an x-ray technician. With respect to medical arts, they are not equal. And this even applies to the normal work setting. In the office there are maintenance people, there's the staff and there's management. All of which are not equal. We have discussed the 'master end' in a particular art. However, there are different kinds of art and sciences. But is there a master art that in which all the ends of all the art fall unto to, the most superior art According to Aristotle, it is politics. Politics uses all the sciences, like medicine and economics. Thru legislature ordains what sciences to be studied, who should learn it and to what extent. It determines what we ought to do and what we should avoid doing. (350 B.C.) Politics directs the state and thus directs all individual men. In the modern day setting, politics is represented by the government. We abide by the law that it legislate. We pay taxes. And we accept punishment from it. Even the richest and most powerful private company answers to the government. Indeed, the government is superior compared to all the other institutions. So far we have established that within a certain activity, art, science or institution, there is inequality between men. William A. Henry III was right. Some are smarter, more diligent, harder to replace and simply better. So is this necessarily anti-egalitarian Does

Propeller Auxiliary Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Propeller Auxiliary Systems - Essay Example The modern anti-icing system known as deicing system is an electric propeller-icing control system that is made up of source of electricity energy, an element resistant to heating, necessary wiring and a control system. In this system, heating elements are often mounted externally or internally on the propeller blades and spinner. Through electrical leads, electric power is transferred from the aircraft system into the propeller hub and finally to the blade elements through flexible connectors. A deice control system is controlled by the pilot by use of on-off switches. There is also a master switch for all deice systems and a toggle switch for each propeller. Many deice systems may also include additional selector switch which is useful in adjusting for heavy or light icing conditions and enhance automatic switching thus do not need manual switching on-off by the pilot (Filippone, 2012). Icing control is achieved by conversion of electrical energy into heat energy within the heating element. Effective and balanced ice removal is crucial in managing excessive vibrations and is accomplished by controlling any variations in the heating current within the blade elements to ensure there is similar degree of heating on opposite sides of the propeller blades (Filippone, 2012). This type of anti-icing system is usually designed to apply power to the heating elements to remove ice after its formation and avoid excessive accumulation. In this regard, proper control of heating intervals is necessary to prevent runback. When heat supplied is just enough to melt the ice formed but insufficient to evaporate water formed, water will flow to unheated areas of the blade, forms ice and results into uncontrolled icing. Cycling timers are therefore used to energize heating elements circuits for a period between fifteen and thirty seconds (Filippone, 2012). Deicing electrical control sy stems consists of ammeters, on-off switches, current limiters and

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES - Essay Example In addition to its aesthetic beauty of multicoloured carbonate roofs and floors dark-coloured lava walls, fortress-like Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone, rising out of the ocean and a dramatic landscape, is Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes contains an unequalled quality of Geomunoreum lava tube system. In addition the magnificent exhibition of diverse and accessible volcanic features is an excellent tourism attraction as it provides exhilarating beauty as well as understanding of global volcanism. Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is declared to be a Unesco World Heritage site in June 27, 2007and is therefore protected by the convention on world heritage. Being such, the Tourism Organization controls it under cultural heritage administration. The issues that confront Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tube are management and administration issues of avoiding the potential impact of agriculture on the underground environment of the Lava Tube. Another concern is also to limit the number of visitors to the property to avoid its degradation. The property might also be extended to include other significant lava tube systems and volcanic features of Jeju that may be discovered in the future. I will visit this site. I am intrigue how could a volcano has a beautiful landscape with matching waterfalls. It may be a nice place to relax because it is nature at its finest. Perhaps it will also be a good place to understand volcanoes as it will show the most intricate lava system in the

Famous Indigenous person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Famous Indigenous person - Essay Example Before he made his move to become a professional boxer, he had the opportunity of being the highest paid player in the  NRL (Australian Library, 2010, p. 34). His life as a teenager was characterized with him spending time in his fathers’ gym. It came to a time that he took part in some matches, though amateur, when he was at the age of 17. Being a talented basketball player, he played for a while before he came to notice rugby, a field that he excelled at. When he attained the age of 18, he made his debut in the rugby field, starting with the league rugby. After this, he came to be a member of the St. George-Illawarra Dragons (Marshall, 2008, p.34).  This was the Sydney franchise in the ‘National Rugby League’ (NRL) and was also the top professional organization for the sport based in Australia. In this team, he had the position of playing a position known as the five-eighth. This was also called the standoff and a person who holds this title serve as an addi tional center for a team's attacking line. Anthony Mundine is the son and takes after his father who is also a boxer; Tony Mundine. Anthony is also a member of the  Bundjalung people and is proud of this. He received a lot of attention when he converted to Islam religion (Hunter, 2008, p.45).  He converted to Islam in 1999. ... He is known as the most polarizing player in the sports history of Australia. In 2009, he was named the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person of the year and credited with winning the Deadly Award as the male sportsperson of the year back in 2010, 2009 and also in the year 2009 (Flood, 2009, p.89).  He is also the first professional boxer to have his fights broadcasted on television. Looking at his history, Anthony holds the title of being one of Australia's most celebrated and one of the most controversial athletes. Being a member of an indigenous Australian community, he started with voicing his opinion on the matter concerning racism at a time when he was a celebrated and recognized rugby player. Afterwards, he still continued to make his facts known even after he had left the field and joined professional boxing. He sometimes stated that people hated him for voicing his own opinions about racism and other factors that other indigenous people faced. He knew for a fact tha t he was hated and this did not discourage him. Being a fighter, he made himself known around the world and made efforts to maintain his titles (Ellis, 2009, p.302).   Antony’s particular impact on aborigines’ health and social life is that he gave them the courage to compete favorably with other communities in all fields. His success is evidence that any person can achieve a goal when he/she has set the mind on it. The health aspect was affected by Antony’s life since it he made the people aware on the advantages of taking care of one’s body. The social aspect was affected since Antony proved to the entire world that where an individual comes from does not matter, what is important is his mind. Discuss both the social and health impact on both indigenous and non-indigenous

Economics of multinational enterprise Term Paper

Economics of multinational enterprise - Term Paper Example If the terms of trade of a country are much closer to one country pre-trade price ratio the greater the gains than the other country hence such a country is likely to specialize in the production of such a commodity. Increase in production will employ a large labor force hence a rise in real income of the favored country’s citizens making them raise their consumption as a result (Beg & Manoj pg41-3). Perfect competition model produces products which are naturally homogenous and identical by definition having no brand name or trademarks hence consumers only choose on the basis of price. The industry has infinite number of firms hence the fewer the firms the larger is each firm. Firms can freely enter and exit the market since there are no legal or artificial barriers. All the participants in the market have perfect knowledge or complete information about the market hence farmers are aware of the demand and supply changes conditions. The firms are in return able to predict the future prices, demand and supply conditions. Such a market is not dwelt on much by economists as it is not realistic. In between PC and monopoly lies the oligopoly which means few sellers hence each firm is relatively large or giant in size. The degree of oligopoly is actually measured by the percentage of industry output. Products here are differentiated hence can be easily distinguished. Though they are open markets but they can at times be closed by some government regulation (Beg & Manoj pg 174-8). (a) Price elasticity demand is the extent to which demand can change with reference to the changes in prices, depending on the type of elasticity change in demand may be high or low. If changes in price do not affect demand negatively then demand may increase to an extent that multinationalization is realized. (b) Trade costs are additions to the overall costs of operations while market shares depend on the ability of firm to

Agencys Law and Ethics of Hiring a Diverse Workforce Essay

Agencys Law and Ethics of Hiring a Diverse Workforce - Essay Example the federal government] be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.† Section 717 also obligates, in part, every department and agency to â€Å"maintain an affirmative program of equal employment opportunity for all such employees† (Worth v. Jackson). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) evaluated the HUD’s â€Å"affirmative employment plan† and found that it intentionally discriminate against sex and race in violation of the equal protection guarantee. The case that was filed against HUD was for a permanent injunction of the agency’s â€Å"affirmative employment plan† (AEP) and the discriminatory practices contained in it (Center for Individual Rights, nd). This also violates the new discrimination criteria of EEO that states â€Å"maintain recruitment, hiring, job assignment, and other work policies that have â€Å"an adverse impact on minorities and women and are not justified by business necessity† (EEOC, nd) The issuance of â€Å"Guidance on LGBT Housing Discrimination Complaints expanded the coverage of the nondiscriminatory clause in the Fair Housing Act to include not only discrimination in race, color, national origin but also gender orientation such as those LGBT. This has affected not only the external customers of Department of Housing and Urban Development but also included its personnel management practice. This translates to the hiring and general personnel management practices of the organization. In a guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) it announced that it would expand the coverage of non-discrimination to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families consistent with the Fair Housing Act. Addressing the issue of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and transgender ensures that the workplace has a diversified pool of talent where the basis of selection and recruitment is dependent on the skills and competence of an individual

Teaching in Nursing Education discussion posts Assignment

Teaching in Nursing Education discussion posts - Assignment Example This has hampered â€Å"staff development... managers are eager to get nurses into staffing; some are reluctant to send them to classes they should have before they start working.† This has curtailed the educational development of nurses leading to a shortage of specialized nurses (who would be preceptors) as hospitals are less willing to invest in the education of nurses (National League of Nursing, 2011). Nursing is more than a course taught at a college or university, it is a practical subject that has to facilitate hands on learning using hospitals. â€Å"The increase in numbers of students entering nursing programs there has become an increased competition for acute care clinical sites† and this has limited time for practice. This problem can be addressed by requiring that each nursing teaching facility build a teaching hospital before it is certified by the state education agencies (National League for Nursing, 2005). Huang, H. (2002). â€Å"Towards constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments.† British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 27-37. Retrieved from

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography Example The discriminatory HR policies caused conflict between the two groups, eventually reducing the productivity, whereas favorable policies that encouraged friendly interactions between the local workers and the expatriates, such as buddy systems, greatly enhanced the relationship between the two groups and provided the expatriates with the necessary emotional support in a new country. The reading also reveals that unequal treatment of different groups of workers caused discord, and this feeling of inequality is dependant more on cultural factors and role in decision making rather than differences in pay packages. Practical Implications: The reading implicated that many cross-cultural differences that are usually ignored while making policies, have a significant effect on expatriate-local relationships such as cultural conflicts between two different groups that speak the same language. The reading strongly suggests that significant attention should be paid to the local staff while dealing with expatriates and that the opinions of the local staff are ignored by most of the current HR policies. The reading also points out the importance of considering the social and people skills of the candidates while selecting employees for offshore missions. Value to Reader: The main objective of the reading is to note the need of updating the current expatriate policies. Nowadays, most of the local workforce for the western companies has the same skill levels as the expatriates and any measure of them being treated unequally by the management will have a negative impact on the motivation of the staff and hence the productivity of the company. The local staff needs to be treated more as an asset as they are more knowledgeable regarding the culture of their home country and possess contacts that could help the parent companies. Additionally, local employees need to be prepared for the incoming expatriates as favorable interactions,

Developments in transportation Essay Example for Free

Developments in transportation Essay Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century. is not accurate. While development in transportation played a fundamental role in Americas growth, if it were not for developments in manufacturing and agriculture the new technology in transportation could not have successfully been completed. Without the raw materials, and the products which came out of the early US iron and steel industry, (which were all ultimately determined by the United States agricultural market), the transportation revolution could not have been carried out. Also, with the rapid growth of the agricultural markets, American economic growth boomed. All three factors, (transportation, agriculture and manufacturing) played an equal role in sparking the American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century. The cotton gin was just one of the few reasons in which the American economy grew at a rapid pace. Eli Whitneys intention in 1793 of the cotton gin, which separated raw cotton from seeds and other waste, caused the economy to boom, with the growth of southern farms. As the southern plantations who could keep up with this new boom in cotton got larger and larger, small farmers moved west. This migration of small farmers to the west caused a need for developments in transportation to link the nation. In turn, these developments in transportation caused a boom in economy. Therefore, both manufacturing inventions and transportation inventions caused the growth in economy. New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened. The steamboat made river traffic faster and cheaper, but development of railroads had an even greater effect, opening up immense areas of new territory for development. These new developments just opened up entrepreneurs eyes, and helped them to create the boom parts of the cycles in the 19th century. The new factories which sprang up around the US starting with mills such as the Lowell mills also led to new developments which helped the United States  economy grow. More jobs were created, and wage earners were able to make twice the amount of the price of goods. Although these booms in the economy did not last for every long, it can not be intelligently argued that new developments in transportation were the only reasons in which the United States economy boomed during this time. New inventions, and new ways of creating goods, which came along with the Industrial Revolution truly opened up the nations workforce, and sprang its economy as well.

Jungs Theory of Psychological Types

Jungs Theory of Psychological Types Explain C.G. Jungs theory of psychological types as a developmental model As Anthony Stevens (1990) details, Jung’s theory of psychological types has many precedents in psychology and the philosophy of mind; it can be seen to be connected to such notions as Hippocrates’ concept of the four temperaments, its medicalisation in Galen’s four humours, the ancient Egyptian systems of astrology and the Chinese binaries of Yin and Yang. Jung, however, in his essay ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’ (1960) despite acknowledging his debt to such systems, stresses the notion that his theory can be distinguished from such intuitive ones through its use of scientific and analytical understanding, as he states: The historical retrospect may set our minds at rest as to the fact that our modern efforts to formulate a theory of types are by no means new and unprecedented, even if our scientific conscience no longer permits us to revert to these old, intuitive ways of handling the question.[1] As this paper shall assert, this image of change and continuity is crucial in understanding how Jung’s theory has and can be used as a developmental model to examine not only childhood development but that of the whole lifecycle. Jung’s theories on this area can be seen as a being constantly adapted by himself and others to widening their theoretical importance and, more importantly perhaps, to broaden their practical application. To this end, this paper is divided into three main sections: the first looks at Jung’s theory of psychological types as laid out in texts such as ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’ (1960), The Development of Personality (1981) and Psychological Types (1983); the second section looks how this was adapted and altered by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (Myers, 2000; Myers, 1962; Bayne, 1997) and lastly, the third and final section details briefly how each of these has been used as a full developmental model in practical psych ology and developmental science. It is hoped then that this paper represents not only a historical explanation of Jung’s theories but how they fit into a developing discipline. Jung describes the basics of his theory of types concisely in the introduction to the work Psychological Types (1983): In my practical work with nervous patients I have long been struck by the fact that besides the many individual differences in human psychology there are also typical differences. Two types especially become clear to me; I have termed them the introvert and the extraverted types.[2] There are two things of interest in this simple statement: firstly, as we have already stated Jung asserts the scientific method of his research (his theory arises out of observations in a clinical setting) and secondly, as Stevens (1990) details, Jung’s theory of types aims to accommodate both individual difference and universal similarity. The two basic psychological types in Jung’s framework, the introvert and extrovert, describe the basic relationship the individual has with the world and the objects around them: the extravert is defined by an outward flowing of libido, and as Fordham (1964) states â€Å"an interest in events, in people and things, (and has) a relationship with them and a dependence on them.†[3] The extravert draws energy from the world in which they inhabit and as Jung (1983) states, is more likely to have a ready acceptance of external events and happenings. They also show a need to be influenced by events happening to them and will have mo ral and ethical leanings that gravitate towards the collective[4]. The extravert is likely to be more willing to share views, to engage with others and to see their ideas as existing within a network of influencing factors (Shamdasani, 2003: 68). Conversely, the introvert presents us with the opposite view, as Fordham (1964) details: The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal; the libido flows inward and is concentrated upon subjective factors, and the predominating influence is ‘inner necessity’. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type’.[5] The introverted type, then, is happiest alone, ‘in their own company’ (to use Jung’s own phrase), draws energy from solitude, is more likely to formulate their own ethical judgements and frameworks, has a tendency towards pessimism and anxiety and finds safety and warmth with other people only when security has been established and the relationship boundaries have been fixed (Jung, 1983: 142-5). As we can see here, Jung’s basic taxonomy recognised only two general types and each of these corresponded to the individual’s interaction with themselves and the world about them. In his work ‘Psychological Types’, however, Jung also characterises ‘four basic psychological functions’ that he lists as: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Each of these functions, taken as individual tropes and as two pairs of binaries (thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting) enables us to frame not only the two basic types per se but how they are manifested in situation and behaviour. The two basic types and the four functions can be combined to form a series of eight major psychological types that serve to define and characterise an individual’s psychic propensity (Extraverted thinking, Introverted thinking, Extraverted feeling, Introverted feeling and so on). As Jung explains, this grouping was seen more as a flexible framework than a rigid meth od of pseudo-scientifically condensing the richness and breadth of humans as a species. As Stevens (1991) details, although these initial eight types have been expanded upon and used as the basis for psychometric testing, Jung’s interest in them was largely clinical, his writings outline how they can be used to understand the ways in which individual’s react to their environment and how clinical and pedagogical strategies can be formulated to best work with an individual’s own behaviour. As Knox (2003) suggests, the eight basic types of Jungian theory can be seen more as a method of classification than a developmental model. Whereas Jung’s concept of the archetypal lifecycle employed similar processes of taxonomy (the notion of life stages for instance) it was Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs who were to take Jung’s work and fully utilise it as a developmental model. As Myers (2000) details, the Myers-Briggs model expanded on Jung’s original thesis by adopting and adapting the concepts of the ‘dominant’ and the ‘auxiliary’ functions, this allows for the types to be seen, not so much as a series of binaries, but as a set of dichotomies that can be used to measure the relative make up of personality types within each individual. This resulted in an expansion of the eight types to sixteen, each of which was assigned a series of letters that allowed psychologists to formulate questionnaires and to calibrate results, as Myers herself details: Jung’s theory and the 16 MBTI types do not define static boxes; instead, they describe dynamic energy systems with interacting processes.[6] The Myers-Briggs adaptation of Jung’s original types made it possible for them to be used in more general, non-clinical situations (Waktins and Campbell, 2000). The sixteen types in the Myers-Briggs system have specific characteristic traits that can be used as a developmental model, not only in terms of how the individual may react to the changing life stages outlined by Jung (childhood, adolescence, early maturity, mid-life transition, middle age, late life transition, late maturity, death – [Stevens, 1990: 62]) but also in terms of the challenges that face individuals everyday. Myers (2000) for instance outlines the ISTJ individual (Introverted Sensing with Extraverted Thinking) as having: †¦a strong sense of responsibility and great loyalty to organisations, families and relationships in their lives. They work with steady energy to fulfil commitments as stated and on time. They go to almost any trouble to complete something they see as necessary but baulk at doing anything that doesn’t make sense to them.[7] Myers (2000) places such descriptions within a developmental context that highlights problems and potential areas for growth, asserting for instance that ISTJ personalities can â€Å"become rigid about time, schedules and procedures† and â€Å"find it difficult to delegate† (Myers, 2000: 14). Alternatively, those classified as ENFP (Extraverted Intuition with Introverted Feeling) can be described as innovative, stimulated by new people, see connections where others don’t and are likely to be curious, creative, imaginative and spontaneous. In terms of personal development, however, they can become frustrated â€Å"become scattered, have trouble focusing (and) be easily distracted† (Myers, 2000: 21). We can see how the Myers-Briggs model not only adapts the taxonomy of Jung’s original classification but also expands its uses – employing it far more as a general developmental model than a clinical tool, as Allen and Brock (2003) state: (The MBTI is) a tool for assessing those individual differences and has given millions of people a positive understanding of their own patterns of communication as well as an understanding of the mutual usefulness of differences.[8] As McCaulley (2000) suggests, Myers-Briggs Type Indicators can be used a developmental and psychometric model in many areas of counselling and education to determine such things as teaching styles, lifestyle strategies and methods of dealing with challenges and life situations. The development of type is a process that continues throughout one’s life: youth is seen as the stage in which we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions that form a major part of one’s personality, midlife allows us to develop and set the third and fourth functions and the latter stages of life allow us to adopt a lifestyle that is in conjunction with our own type preferences. As McCaully (2000) states, here Jung’s theory of psychological types and his theory of the developing lifestyle can be seen to coincide, with the latter being able to be used as a way that individuals can negotiate the former. Psychological types, especially as they were framed and described by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs, can be used as a basis with which to formulate strategies that aid in the transition from one life stage to another. As a developmental model then it seeks to be both descriptive and curative. Isabel Myers saw the a whole range of uses for Jungian psychological types as a developmental model, most notably in the area of education and child development, for instance she states that It is particularly important to apply the ethics and values of type to relationships with children. Often in trying to meet a child’s needs, adults assume that what has worked best for them will also work best for the child. Lack of validation or acceptance of one’s preferences as a child can lead to low self esteem, defiance or adaptation of that creates strain.[9] The Jungian based MBTI developmental model has been used by all manner of different disciplines from management practice (Davidson Frame, 2003, Bess, 1995) to education (Morgan, 1997) from organisational theory (Schneider and Smith, 2004) to religion (Watts, Nye and Savage, 2002). Its use by such a wide variety of fields is surly a reflection of its place as a model that seeks to understand both individuated personality and universal archetypes. Also, as we have seen, it is a theory is constant evolution and one that is being utilised by an ever growing range of academic and practical disciplines. References Allen, J and Brock, S (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types: Patients Are Different, London: Routledge. Bayne, R (1997), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A Critical Review and Practical Guide, London: Nelson Thornes. Bess, J (1995), Creative R and D Leadership, London: Quorum Books. Davidson, Frame, J (2003), Managing Projects in Organisations, London: Jossey Bass. Fordham, F (1964), An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology, London: Pelican. Jung, C.G (1960), Modern Man in Search of a Soul, London: Harvester. Jung, C.G (1991), The Development of Personality, London: Routledge. Jung. C.G (1983), Jung: Selected Writings, London: Fontana. Knox, J (2003), Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind, London: Brunner-Routledge. McCaulley, M (2000), ‘The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Counselling’ published in Watkins, E and Campbell, V (2000), Testing and Assessment in Counselling, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 111-174. Morgan, H (1997), Cognitive Styles and Classroom Learning, London: Praeger. Myers, I (1964), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, London: Consultant Psychologists Press. Myers. I (2000), Introduction to Type, London: OPP. Schneider, B and Smith, D.B (2004), Personality and Organisations, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Shamdasani, S (2003), Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stevens, A (1990), On Jung, London: Penguin. Watkins, E and Campbell, V (eds) (2000), Testing and Assessment in Counselling, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Watts, F, Nye, R and Savage, S (2002), Psychology for Christian Ministry, London: Routledge. 1 Footnotes [1] C.G. Jung (1960), ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’, published in Modern man in Search of a Soul, London: Harvester, p. 83 [2] C.G. Jung (1983), Psychological Types, published in Jung: Selected Writings, London: Fontana, p.129 [3] Frieda Fordham (1964), An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology, London: Pelican, p.29. [4] See for instance Jung’s assertion that â€Å"the extravert’s philosophy of life and his ethics are as a rule of a highly collective nature with a strong streak of altruism, and his conscience is in large measure dependant on public opinion.† (Jung, 1983: 141) [5] Fordham (1964), p. 30. [6] Isabel Myers (2000), Introduction to Type, London: OPP, p.7 [7] Myers (2000), p.14 [8] Judy Allen and Susan Brock (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types: Patients Are Different, London: Routledge, p.7 [9] Myers (2000), p.36

The Conclusion Of The First World War History Essay

The Conclusion Of The First World War History Essay At the conclusion of the First World War, Italy was riddled with chaos. This disorder was caused primarily by the belief that Italy was not adequately paid for aiding the Allies at the conclusion of the war. Italy expected to be rewarded with large expanses of territory from the defeated nations for its services. But it did not. In fact, under the charter of the League of Nations and the various peace treaties, Italy only gained territory from turkey when other nations whom they saw as inferior gained more land and more resources. Mussolini and his rapidly growing supporters capitalised on this and it was during this time Mussolinis fascist views spread throughout the country. Due to his military service during the war, Mussolini already had a large amount of support from military veterans and the lower classes in Italian society. He also had support of the business class for fear of a communist style regime that would see their profits lost. This capitalisation was the first of many political successes that would befall Mussolini and his soon to be fascist government. The next political success that occurred was Mussolinis solidification as Italys leader. This occurred in the late 1920s when Gabriele DAnnunzio and his supporters were forced out from Fiume. DAnnunzio was labeled as the John the Baptist of Italian Fascism  [1]  and Mussolinis style of leadership was rather like that of DAnnunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro  [2]  . Aspects of this style were seen throughout Mussolinis time in power and frequently à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦included the balcony address, the Roman salute, the cries of Eia, eia, eia! Alala!, the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new secular settings  [3]  . Once Mussolini succeeded in driving DAnnunzio out of Fiume, many Italian separatists also embraced Mussolini as their leader as he promoted a strong foreign policy and the annexation of Fiume and Dalmatia. With his position as leader solidified, Mussolini rapidly ga ined power gained power and progressively converted the government into a one-party fascist dictatorship under his leadership. From that time until his death, Mussolinis only interest was in holding on to power. Perhaps, the biggest success for Mussolini and the government were the two organisations they created to control Italy. The first of these organisations was known as the Blackshirts. The Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale or National Security Volunteer Militia was formed in 1923 and was responsible for security of the regime and reported directly to Mussolini. This allowed for complete control over Italy and its subjects  [4]  . The second of these organisations was a secret police force created in 1927, called the Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dellAntifascismo, (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) or OVRA. It was led by Arturo Bocchini with the sole purpose of cracking down on all opponents of the the government and Mussolini as there had been several assassination attempts on his life since his rise to power  [5]  . The OVRA itself was an effective force, but caused fewer deaths of political opponents compared to that of the Schut zstaffel of Nazi Germany and the NKVD of the Soviet Union, the OVRA. This being said, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fascists methods of repression were cruel which included physically forcing opponents of Fascism to swallow castor oil which would cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration, leaving the victim in a painful and physically debilitated state which would sometimes result in death  [6]  . This created a state of constant fear of the OVRA and the Blackshirts, both of whom used this method of torture. In 1925, organised crime was rapidly rising in the Sicily and southern Italy. To combat this, the government gave special powers to the prefect of Palermo, Cesare Mori. These powers gave him the ability to prosecute the Mafia, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad (many to the United States) or risk being jailed  [7]  . Mori was fired however, when he began to investigate Mafia links within the Fascist regime. He was removed from his position in 1929, and the Fascist regime declared tha t the threat of the Mafia had been eliminated. Moris actions weakened the Mafia, but did not destroy them. Between 1929 and 1943, the Italian government completely abandoned its aggressive measures against the Mafia, and left them relatively undisturbed. The Fascist government had a major success when it came to education, endorsing many new and stringent education policies in Italy throughout the period aimed at lowering illiteracy which was a growing problem in Italy at the time  [8]  . To reduce the number of drop-outs, the government raised the minimum age of leaving school from 12 to 14 years of age and due to the fascist nature of the government, they were able to strictly enforce attendance at school. This was just the first step in their education plan and in 1922, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the governments first minister of education, Giovanni Gentile announced his recommendation that all education policy from this point forward should focus on indoctrination of students into fascism, and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority  [9]  . Before this could be realised, the government invoked a concurrent plan to increase and recognise intellectual talent throughout Italy when the government established the Royal Ac ademy of Italy in 1926 to reward, promote and coordinate Italys intellectual success  [10]  . It wasnt until 1929 that education policy took a major step toward that agenda of indoctrination. In that year, the government took control of the authorisation of all textbooks, all school teachers were required to take oaths of loyalty to fascism and children began to be instructed that they owed the same loyalty to fascism as they did to God  [11]  . It then increased in the control set by the government with all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party in 1933  [12]  , and in the 1930s and 1940s Italys education system was refocused onto the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the Roman era, displaying the rebirth of Italian nationalism and the struggle for Italian independence  [13]  . Also in the late 1930s, the fascist government copied Nazi Germanys education system regarding the physical fitness st udents, and begun demanding that Italians become physically healthy  [14]  . The major success in social policy for the government was the establishment of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) or National After-work Program in 1925 and soon became the states largest recreational organisation for adults. The Dopolavoro as it was known, had no trouble attracting members  [15]  , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but according to historian Tobias Asbe, while the activities sponsored by the OND were popular with the working class, these activities did not turn workers into ideologically convinced supporters of the Fascist regime was so popular that, by the 1930s, all towns in Italy had a Dopolavoro clubhouse and the Dopolavoro was responsible for establishing and maintaining 11,000 sports grounds, over 6,400 libraries, 800 movie houses, 1,200 theatres, and over 2,000 orchestras  [16]  . When Achille Starace took over as director of the OND in the early 1930s, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ t became primarily recreational; concentrating on sports and other outings and by 1936 the OND had a pproximately 80% of salaried workers as members  [17]  . The OND had the largest membership of any of the mass Fascist organizations in Italy and due to its huge success in Italy, it was the key factor in Nazi Germany creating its own version, the Kraft durch Freude (KdF) or Strength through Joy program, which was even more successful than the Dopolavoro  [18]  . Once in power, Mussolini attempted to alter the countrys economy to work within his fascist ideology. This was his major failure. He immediately began investing in and taking over industrial interests from within the leaders of Italian capitalism. There are two views amongst both historians and economist with regard to Mussolinis economic management, David Baker who discusses this in The New Political Economy There is a messy tangle between economic theory and economic practice which leads to two opposing views either Mussolini had an economic plan, or that he did not, but instead reacted to changes without forward planning  [19]  . Mussolinis first failure was though he did have an economic agenda which was both short and long term in nature, he attempted to completely change the economy in one phase. The government had two major tasks, one, to modernise the economy, and two, to improve the countrys dire lack of resources. To attempt these tasks, the government stimulated devel opment through creating a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦modern capitalistic sector in the service of the state, intervening directly as needed to create collaboration between the industrialists, the workers, and the state  [20]  . This was achieved by removing class and implementing corporations and in the short-term the government worked to reform the widely-abused tax system, dispose of inefficient state-owned industry, cut government costs, and introduce tariffs to protect the new industries  [21]  . The governments second failure was that it started to sell off legislative monopolies. The first of these was the 19 April 1923 law which transferred life insurance policy from a state run company to private enterprise. This effectively cancelled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the 1912 law which had created a State Institute for insurances and which had envisioned to give a state monopoly ten years later  [22]  . By doing this the government lost one sector of income it rely on and with a rapidly growing inflation Up until 1925 the country enjoyed modest growth but structural weaknesses increasing rate of inflation the value of currency slowly dropped. Then in 1925 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Italian state abandoned its monopoly on telephones infrastructure, while the state production of matches was handed over to a private consortium of matches producers  [23]  . This led to increase in speculation against the strength of the lira. This then caused the government to intervene and De Stefani, the fin ance minister à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was sacked, his program side-tracked, and the Fascist government became more involved in the economy in step with the increased security of their power  [24]  . The great depression of the early 1930s was the third major economic failure to beset the Italian government. As companies came close to failure, the policy of the government was for banks to buy out the companies. This was largely an illusionary bail-out as the funds used to pay for the purchases were largely worthless and this led a financial crisis which peaked in 1932 and led to the need for major government intervention  [25]  . After the bankruptcy of the Austrian Kredit Anstalt in May 1931, Italian banks followed, with the bankruptcy of the Banco di Milano, the Credito Italiano and the Banca Commerciale  [26]  . In response to this, the state created three financial management institutions funded by the Italian treasury which were designed to buy back all the debt made by the failed banks. This aid was in the form of $5.5 billion and was to be paid back within ten years. Throughout the period of 1923 and 1939, there were a number of decisions that Benito Mussolini and his fascist government of Italy made that led to both successful and unsuccessful ventures. They were successful with implementing a number of new political policies through taking advantage of the circumstances and solidifying Mussolinis position in as leader and creating new powerful policing agencies that answered directly to them and through exerting fear into the populous. Once their position was solidifies they then commencing working on the education standards of Italy and through the fascist influence increased the literacy rate of the country and also the support of their movement by the students and teachers of the school. The government also built support up through their introduction of the OND, a social organisation that grew to include over 80% of salary workers. Though this being said, their major failure was their inability to manage funds appropriately. The economy of t he country wasnt great when they came to power, and they then attempted to achieve too much too quickly and send the economy into a downward spiral once they sold off their monopolies and then failed to act appropriately when the great depression hit the country. All in all, there were a number of both successes and failures that the Italian fascist government had during the inter war years of 1923 to 1939.

PRC Social Security Scheme :: essays research papers

PRC Social Security Scheme „h Major Characteristic of PRC Social Security Scheme - Only applicable to Chinese local employees - Local requirements may vary from locality to locality. „h Structure of Social Security Scheme - Pension - Unemployment Insurance - Medical Insurance - Housing National Requirement - Pension „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Unified System of Basic Old-age Insurance for Staff and Workers of Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨(July 16, 1997) „h Structure of the Basic Pension Scheme - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - Comprises 2 elements: a. Basic Pension Pooling Account b. Basic Pension Individual Account „h Enterprise Contribution - Maximum contribution of 20% of the total wages of the enterprises in general unless approved by Labour Bureau and Ministry of Finance. - For a foreign investment enterprise, the total wages only cover Chinese local employees ¡Ã‚ ¦ wages. - Among the 20% contribution: a. start at 7% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually reduced to 3%, for contribution into the Basic Pension Individual Account b. 13% to 17% goes to Basic Pension Pooling Account „h Employee Contribution - Start at 4% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually increased to 8% - Contribution goes to Basic Pension Individual Account National Requirement  ¡V Unemployment Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Unemployment Insurance Regulation  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by State Council on January 22, 1999. „h Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprise ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §Urban enterprises and institutions ¡Ã‚ ¨, inc luding: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; and e. Other urban enteprises -  ¡Ã‚ §Employee ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §Staff and workers of urban enterprises and institution ¡Ã‚ ¨ „h Contribution - Employer contribution - 2% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 1% of the employee ¡Ã‚ ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Medical Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Staff and Workers  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by State Council „h Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §all urban enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨, including: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; e. Government organizations, institutions; f . Social organizations; and g. Non-governmental non-enterprise units. -  ¡Ã‚ §Employees ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §employees of the above-mentioned enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨ „h Contribution - Employer contribution  ¡V approximately 6% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 2% of the employee ¡Ã‚ ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Housing „h  ¡Ã‚ §Administrative Regulation on Housing  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by the State Council on April 3, 1999.

Essay --

The leader of the new political party named â€Å"The Blue Party† organise an open air rally is Sydney. He contract John to provide catering facilities for $5000 and request NSW police authority to provide additional protection for $3000. On the other hand, Hanson who is a committed supporter of Paul agrees to fly an aircraft over the rally for free of charge and after the rally Paul agrees to reimburse him with the full payment. Ian, who is a prominent sympathiser of Paul’s political program, writes Paul saying that he will provide $10000. However at the end of the rally he refuses to pay Paul due to the dramatic decline of his profitability of the business. (A)Paul and John The defendant Paul entered into a contract with the plaintiff John who is a catering service provider for the rally. The plaintiff was to provide catering facilities to the rally. The price was $5000. Paul is determined that the rally should be successful and, at the last minute, he agrees to pay John ‘a bonus of $1,000 to ensure that things run smoothly. At the end the defendant Paul failed to pay the extra money. Issue: The issue is whether the plaintiff's (John) performance of its existing contractual duty to complete the catering service could amount to sufficient consideration for the promise of the additional payment. In Australia, the doctrine has developed beyond the restriction following the High Court’s decision. According to the case law of Walton Stores the following pre-conditions for promissory estoppel: i. Defendant (Paul) must make a promise of some kind. ii. Defendant (Paul) must also create of encourage an assumption on Plaintiffs (John) part that promise will be performed. iii. Plaintiff (John) must rely upon this to its detriment; and iv.... ...rt held that Thomas promises or warranties were not supported by consideration, since their contract had been concluded when the promises were made, and hence there was no consideration. Similarly, we can say that Paul’s promises to Hanson were not supported by consideration, since their contract had been concluded as soon as the rally ended. On the other side, Hanson was already bounded to Hanson to perform an existing contractual obligation of flying an aircraft on during the rally for free of charge. Therefore, Paul should not enforce to reimburse Hanson because there was no consideration given by the plaintiff for the promise to pay. (D) Paul v Ian: To succeed Paul’s political program, Ian who is a prominent sympathizer, promise to donate $10000 in writing. Due to sudden decline in business Ian was unable to donate the fund after the successful rally. Essay -- The leader of the new political party named â€Å"The Blue Party† organise an open air rally is Sydney. He contract John to provide catering facilities for $5000 and request NSW police authority to provide additional protection for $3000. On the other hand, Hanson who is a committed supporter of Paul agrees to fly an aircraft over the rally for free of charge and after the rally Paul agrees to reimburse him with the full payment. Ian, who is a prominent sympathiser of Paul’s political program, writes Paul saying that he will provide $10000. However at the end of the rally he refuses to pay Paul due to the dramatic decline of his profitability of the business. (A)Paul and John The defendant Paul entered into a contract with the plaintiff John who is a catering service provider for the rally. The plaintiff was to provide catering facilities to the rally. The price was $5000. Paul is determined that the rally should be successful and, at the last minute, he agrees to pay John ‘a bonus of $1,000 to ensure that things run smoothly. At the end the defendant Paul failed to pay the extra money. Issue: The issue is whether the plaintiff's (John) performance of its existing contractual duty to complete the catering service could amount to sufficient consideration for the promise of the additional payment. In Australia, the doctrine has developed beyond the restriction following the High Court’s decision. According to the case law of Walton Stores the following pre-conditions for promissory estoppel: i. Defendant (Paul) must make a promise of some kind. ii. Defendant (Paul) must also create of encourage an assumption on Plaintiffs (John) part that promise will be performed. iii. Plaintiff (John) must rely upon this to its detriment; and iv.... ...rt held that Thomas promises or warranties were not supported by consideration, since their contract had been concluded when the promises were made, and hence there was no consideration. Similarly, we can say that Paul’s promises to Hanson were not supported by consideration, since their contract had been concluded as soon as the rally ended. On the other side, Hanson was already bounded to Hanson to perform an existing contractual obligation of flying an aircraft on during the rally for free of charge. Therefore, Paul should not enforce to reimburse Hanson because there was no consideration given by the plaintiff for the promise to pay. (D) Paul v Ian: To succeed Paul’s political program, Ian who is a prominent sympathizer, promise to donate $10000 in writing. Due to sudden decline in business Ian was unable to donate the fund after the successful rally.

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay -- Young

Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown's Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main character's consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthorne's interpretation of Brown's "mid-life crisis" has ambiguity and leaves a reader with many different feelings about what and why certain things have happened.   Hawthorne's use of symbolism in his allegorical tale Young Goodman Brown causes the main character's revelations about the sin within his community, his family and himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young Goodman Brown's journey into the forest is best defined as a kind of "general, indeterminate allegory, representing man's irrational drive to leave faith, home, and security temporarily behind, for whatever reason, and take a chance with one(more) errand onto the wilder shores of experience" (Martin).   Brown has a curiosity that "kills"   his naive outlook on life and changes him until his death.   He has a mission to go into the forest and   meet the devil.   A mission that he begins out of curiosity and a "deep need to see if the teachings of his childhood, his religion, and his culture, have armed him sufficiently to look the devil in the face and return unscathed" (Hodara 1).   The symbol of the forest, late at night, can be interpreted as the untamed regions of Brown's heart where the devil roams freely as he roams in the forest. The forest is the devil's ... ...ism.   Vol 3. Detriot: Gale, 1989.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel, The Great Short Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Ed. Fredrick C. Crews.   New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1992.    "Hawthorne, Nathaniel,"   Microsoft (R) Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. Funk & Wagnall's Corporation, 1994.    Hodara, Alan.   "Some Thoughts On Young Goodman Brown."   (26 Oct. 1996).    Jones, Madison.   "Nathaniel Hawthorne." Short Story Criticism.   Vol 3. Detriot: Gale, 1989.    MaGill, Frank, ed.   Critical Survery of Short Fiction.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salam Press, 1981.    Martin, Terence. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." Short Story Criticism.   Vol 3. Detriot: Gale, 1989.    Mikosh,   Bert A., "A View of Young Goodman Brown."    (11-9-96).    Segura, Gilberto.   "The Allegorical Goodman Brown."   (11-9-96).   

Australian Identity Essay

The Australian identity is a diverse concept that has developed overtime through significant events in our history. As a result of these events, it is has established Australia into a multicultural society that now includes numerous new lifestyles. However, it is an evolving concept that is still becoming, as further cultures are migrating to Australia and introducing unique traditions to the Australian life. This idea is further explored in the poem ’No more boomerang’ by Kath Walker, which exhibits how the Australian Aboriginals were forced into a westernized lifestyle by the British migrants. In ‘But I was born here, Miss’ by an unnamed migrant child, we venture into the life of an Australian migrant child who underwent difficulties at his school because of his ethnic background. In Tim Winton’s ‘Neighbours’, we witness how the juxtaposing lifestyles of the migrants and the Australians come together and live as one, peaceful community . Comprehending a new way of life is frequently a difficult task to undertake, especially if it is forced upon. The poem ‘No more boomerang’ is a prime example of how a significant event in Australia’s history, the Arrival of the First Fleet, impacted on Australia’s identity. The Australian Aboriginals were the first migrants of Australia, and they lived and created the first Australian lifestyle.. The author, Kath Walker uses parallelism in the form of ‘No more’, which represents how much of the Aboriginal culture has been lost and has come to stop because of the new customs and traditions implemented by the Anglo-Saxons which entitles a new civilized culture. This notion is reinforced in the third stanza of the poem through repetition of ‘No more’ in the line, â€Å"No more sharing of food†. This stanza refers to how the Aboriginals are now no longer following their old customary lifestyles and instead are slowly familiarizing themselves to the new British way of life. It is unmistakable that the Aboriginal’s had a problematic period adapting to the new way of life installed by the British. However because of the British colonization we are now a country equal to Britain and one that provides all its citizens with a good life. Nevertheless a new wave of migrants arrived from southern Europe and thus cultural diversity started in schools around Australia. But this wasn’t always a good thing as a migrant child wrote in ‘But I was born here, Miss’. Australian migrant children went through troublesome obstacles at school because of their ethnicities. In this poem the author has used the repetition of the motif, ‘’But I was born  here, Miss’’ to emphasize how the child is still seen as a migrant even though he claims as being born in Australia. It further highlights how unaccepted a child was because of his or her cultural background which is supported by the rhetorical question â€Å"Where do I live?†. In addition, the rhetorical question gives further insights into how the migrant child did not feel like he belonged because of his differences between the other children. This intolerance led to a clash between the cultures which caused fights and misunderstandings at schools across Australia. It is therefore evident that Australian migrant children endured harsh circumstances at school because of their ethnicities and the intolerance of the Australian born children. Maybe due to the fact of th is intolerance many migrant children didn’t regard themselves as an Australian. Maybe they simply did not want to be associated with a group of people that could not accept someone for whom he or she truly is. In time however the two cultures would learn to live with each other and create a tolerant society as apparent in Tim Winton’s ‘Neighbours’. Countless of Australians and migrants were not accustomed to the lifestyles of each other and often wrongly misinterpreted each other’s actions. In the text, the author Tim Winton uses a hyperbole within the line, â€Å"Their neighbours were not murdering each other, merely talking†. He uses it to demonstrate how the new couple were not use to people casually talking to each other in that loud manner which had been influenced by the European culture of the neighbours. Australians and migrants wrongly misinterpreted each other’s actions which lead to one believing the other was crazy and vice versa. This exemplifies the different cultures each one lived by and the traditions that went along with them. The Australians were quiet and friendly people who are always respectful and knew their boundaries. Whereas the migrants were loud and critical people who always had an opinion and did not know what boundaries were. This is conveyed in the story when the new couple p lanted vegetables in their backyard which caught the attention of their neighbours, who were quick to give them advice on how to plant and maintain the vegetables. The couple would then share their vegetables with their neighbours who in turn provided vegetables for them to plant. The gap between the Australian couple and their European neighbours was finally reduced as they learned to live together in harmony. Therefore it is seen that the Australians and migrants  could learn to live with each other and create a society that accepts other cultures. In conclusion, it is clear that the Australian identity is a diverse concept that has changed over the course of Australia’s history. This is effectively highlighted in the texts, ‘No more boomerang’, ‘But I was born here, Miss’ and in, ‘Neighbours’, as they convey different aspects of the Australian identity which have been affected by events in our history. Simultaneously these events have created a multicultural society that positively interacts with each other and shares cultural traditions.

Analysis of Brick Cleaner Essay

Aim: To find the percentage by mass of hydrochloric acid present in brick cleaner by doing an acid-base titration. Theory/Hypothesis: The main ingredient in brick cleaner is HCL and must be diluted and titrated with a base to be able to analyse it. It reacts with parts of the concrete which allows it to remove the concrete from the bricks. I think there will be around 30% of HCL in brick cleaner. Materials: * 5mL brick cleaner * 100mL, 0.1M standard sodium carbonate solution * 250ml de-ionised water * Methyl orange indicator * 250mL volumetric flask * 4x100mL conical flasks * Small funnel * 10mL measuring cylinder * 20mL pipette * Pipette filter * Dropping pipette * Burette and stand * White tile * Electronic balance * Safety glasses * Gloves Method: 1) A 250 mL volumetric flask was weighed with it’s mass recorded 2) A 10mL measuring cylinder was used to pour 5mL brick cleaner into the volumetric flask. The flask was stoppered straight after all the brick cleaner was in the flask. 3) The flask was then reweighed 4) De-ionised water was added until the flask was about half full. The flask was stoppered and shaken carefully upside down several times. 5) More water was added to the flask about a cm below the graduation line. A dropper was used to accurately drop the right amount of water to the flask so the bottom of the meniscus was on the graduation line. 6) A 20mL pipette was used to put 20mL of sodium carbonate solution into each of the four 100mL conical flask. 3 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to each. 7) The burette was filled with the solution of brick cleaner. 8) The sodium carbonate solution was titrated with the solution of brick cleaner until there was a clear permanent colour change. 9) Steps 7 and 8 were repeated until 3 concordant results were Results: Weight Volumetric flask 78.968g Brick cleaner 6.00g Titre 1 2 3 Initial vol 2.3 23.4 3.0 Final vol 23.4 44.5 24.0 Vol added 21.1 21.1 21.0 Calculations: On page attached. Discussion: The weight for the brick cleaner may not be 6.00g as the volumetric flask was not weighed again with the brick cleaner in it because that step was forgotten. So the result above was taken from another student that did the prac. This will affect the results as the mass of the brick cleaner is used to determine the percentage by mass of HCL in brick cleaner. All 3 titres show that they are only within 0.1 of each other. The hypothesis has been disproved because it was suggested the 30% of HCL would be in brick cleaner and there’s only 2.4% although it’s not certain that those steps were done correctly. There were no problems encountered during this prac. Focus Questions: 8)a) the manufacturer says that brick cleaner is made up of around 35% HCL, which is a massive difference to the answer that was got in this prac but again question 7 was not done correctly. b) differences in class results occur because not everybody would have done the exact volume of brick cleaner, sodium carbonate etc as each other therefore the difference in results obtained. 9) To correctly clean up a spill of 20mL brick cleaner you would mop it up immediately, washing it away with massive amounts of water 10)a) volumetric flask= once with water twice with brick cleaner b) Burette= once with water twice with diluted solution of brick cleaner c) pipette= once with water twice with diluted brick cleaner d) conical flask=once with water twice with sodium carbonate solution Conclusion: To conclude, there should be 35% HCL in brick cleaner although it was found that there was only 2.4%

Global Inequality Caused by Consumption

Core issue: consumption causes global inequality. Global inequality is the inequality in distribution of income and wealth between rich and poor countries. A concentration of wealth is in the hands of very small number of people. A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth.According to the wealth concentration theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. This correlation between being rich and earning more is also contributed by plutocracy: t he ability of the rich to influence government disproportionately to their favor thereby increasing their wealth. This unjust global trade regime as a primary cause in increasing global inequality ————– Wealth and poverty make life different in a host of ways. health, education, literacy, child labour, employment, gender, political participation, higher level in countries with higher income Compare their economic productivity–>classify countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) & Gross National Income (GNI) The World Bank uses GNI per person to classify countries. Low income (P559) For example, workforces in China, much of which is well trained and educated and now receive extremely low wages-sometimes less than one-twentieth of hat workers earn in comparable jobs in the developed countries. These institutionalised inequalities result in greater marginalisation within society. The report emphasises the inevitable social disintegration, vi olence and national and international terrorism that this inequality fosters. Ironically, the diversion of social development funds to national/international security and military operations produces further deprivation and marginalization, thus creating a vicious cycle.

The Period of New Society

With the declaration of Martial Law, President Marcos popularized the New Society which he claimed was envisioned to carry out a meaningful social change. In order to create a positive image in the public consciousness as well as in the local and foreign media that he was serious in effecting these changes, he initiated the following: 1. Dismissal from office of civil servants who were found guilty of corruption and abuse of authority; 2. Punishment of drug pushers; 3. Setting curfew to solve worsening criminality rate; 4. Popularization of â€Å"Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa† philosophy to instill nationalism among Filipinos; and 5. Training of citizens to be disciplined and law-abiding. Meanwhile, in order to entertain and relieve the people from alarming social and political problems, his government initiates the following: 1. Establishment of theme parks such as the Coconut palace in Pasay, Palace in the Sky in Tagaytay and National Arts Centre in Makiling, Laguna; and cultural institutions such as Cultural Centre of the Philippines, Folk Arts Centre and Film Centre. 2. Sponsorship of cultural shows; . Popularization of indigenous culture; 4. Manipulation of the contents of the newspapers and textbooks on his favour; 5. Bribery of media commentators in order to sugar-coat the programs of his administration; and 6. Publication and popularization of literature about his political philosophy such as â€Å"democratic revolution† and â€Å"revolution from the center†. Ferdinard Marcos with Secretary of State George Shultz, 1982. Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics, senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno. [25] The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. [26] Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. [27] Many political o pponents were forced to go into exile. A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth era 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his Bagong Lipunan, a â€Å"New Society† based on new social and political values. [28] The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. However, Marcos, his cronies and his wife, Imelda, willfully engaged in rampant corruption. [29] After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere â€Å"face lifting† as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. [30] Marcos had a vision of a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) similar to Indonesian president Suharto's â€Å"New Order administration†. He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos's book, â€Å"Notes on the New Society,† it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Marcos confiscated businesses owned by the oligarchy. More often than not, they were taken over by Marcos's family members and close personal friends, who used them as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as â€Å"crony capitalism,† Marcos' friends using them for personal benefit. With genuinely nationalistic motives, crony capitalism was intended to redistribute monopolies traditionally owned by Chinese and Mestizo oligarchs to Filipino businessmen though in practice, it led to graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the state press the only legal one. He also seized privately owned lands and distributed them to farmers. By waging an ideological war against the oligarchy, Marcos gained the support of the masses though he was to create a new one in its place. Marcos, now free from day-to-day governance which was left mostly to Enrile using his power to settle scores against old rivals, such as the Lopezes, who were always opposed to the Marcos administration. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jose Diokno, Jovito Salonga and many others were imprisoned for months or years. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. The declaration of martial law was initially very well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing though the rest of the world was surprised at how the Filipinos accepted Marcos's self-imposed dictatorship. Soon after Marcos declared martial law, one American official described the Philippines as a country composed â€Å"of 40 million cowards and one son of a bitch†; otherwise, he reasoned, they should have risen against the destroyer of their freedom. 31] Crime rates plunged dramatically after dusk curfews were implemented and the country would enjoy economic prosperity throughout the 1970s in the midst of growing dissent to his strong-willed rule toward the end of martial law. Political opponents were given the opportunity of compliance or forced to go into exile. As a result, thousands migrated to o ther countries, like the U. S. and Canada. Public dissent on the streets was not tolerated and leaders of such protests were promptly arrested, detained, tortured, or never heard from again. Communist leaders, as well as sympathizers, were forced to flee from the cities to the countrysides, where they multiplied. Lim Seng, a feared drug lord, was arrested and executed in Luneta in 1972. As martial law dragged on for the next nine years, human rights violations went unchecked, and graft and corruption by the military and the administration became widespread, as made manifest by the Rolex 12. Over the years, Marcos's hand was strengthened by the support of the armed forces, whose size he tripled to 230,000 troops, after declaring martial law in 1972. The forces included some first-rate units as well as thousands of unruly and ill equipped personnel of the civilian home defense forces and other paramilitary organizations. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary Fidel Ramos, and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Fabian Ver were the chief administrators of martial law from 1972 to 1981, and the three remained President Marcos's closest advisers until he was ousted in 1986. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos's ‘sinking ship' and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade. [edit] Prime Minister (1972-1981) Ferdinard Marcos with Secretary of State George Shultz, 1982. Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics, senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno. [25] The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. [26] Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. [27] Many political opponents were forced to go into exile. A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth era 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his Bagong Lipunan, a â€Å"New Society† based on new social and political values. [28] The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. However, Marcos, his cronies and his wife, Imelda, willfully engaged in rampant corruption. [29] After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere â€Å"face lifting† as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. [30] Marcos had a vision of a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) similar to Indonesian president Suharto's â€Å"New Order administration†. He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos's book, â€Å"Notes on the New Society,† it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Marcos confiscated businesses owned by the oligarchy. More often than not, they were taken over by Marcos's family members and close personal friends, who used them as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as â€Å"crony capitalism,† Marcos' friends using them for personal benefit. With genuinely nationalistic motives, crony capitalism was intended to redistribute monopolies traditionally owned by Chinese and Mestizo oligarchs to Filipino businessmen though in practice, it led to graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the state press the only legal one. He also seized privately owned lands and distributed them to farmers. By waging an ideological war against the oligarchy, Marcos gained the support of the masses though he was to create a new one in its place. Marcos, now free from day-to-day governance which was left mostly to Enrile using his power to settle scores against old rivals, such as the Lopezes, who were always opposed to the Marcos administration. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jose Diokno, Jovito Salonga and many others were imprisoned for months or years. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. The declaration of martial law was initially very well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing though the rest of the world was surprised at how the Filipinos accepted Marcos's self-imposed dictatorship. Soon after Marcos declared martial law, one American official described the Philippines as a country composed â€Å"of 40 million cowards and one son of a bitch†; otherwise, he reasoned, they should have risen against the destroyer of their freedom. 31] Crime rates plunged dramatically after dusk curfews were implemented and the country would enjoy economic prosperity throughout the 1970s in the midst of growing dissent to his strong-willed rule toward the end of martial law. Political opponents were given the opportunity of compliance or forced to go into exile. As a result, thousands migrated to o ther countries, like the U. S. and Canada. Public dissent on the streets was not tolerated and leaders of such protests were promptly arrested, detained, tortured, or never heard from again. Communist leaders, as well as sympathizers, were forced to flee from the cities to the countrysides, where they multiplied. Lim Seng, a feared drug lord, was arrested and executed in Luneta in 1972. As martial law dragged on for the next nine years, human rights violations went unchecked, and graft and corruption by the military and the administration became widespread, as made manifest by the Rolex 12. Over the years, Marcos's hand was strengthened by the support of the armed forces, whose size he tripled to 230,000 troops, after declaring martial law in 1972. The forces included some first-rate units as well as thousands of unruly and ill equipped personnel of the civilian home defense forces and other paramilitary organizations. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary Fidel Ramos, and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Fabian Ver were the chief administrators of martial law from 1972 to 1981, and the three remained President Marcos's closest advisers until he was ousted in 1986. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos's ‘sinking ship' and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade. [edit] Prime Minister (1972-1981) Ferdinard Marcos with Secretary of State George Shultz, 1982. Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics, senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno. [25] The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. [26] Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. [27] Many political opponents were forced to go into exile. A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth era 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his Bagong Lipunan, a â€Å"New Society† based on new social and political values. [28] The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. However, Marcos, his cronies and his wife, Imelda, willfully engaged in rampant corruption. [29] After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere â€Å"face lifting† as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. [30] Marcos had a vision of a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) similar to Indonesian president Suharto's â€Å"New Order administration†. He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos's book, â€Å"Notes on the New Society,† it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Marcos confiscated businesses owned by the oligarchy. More often than not, they were taken over by Marcos's family members and close personal friends, who used them as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as â€Å"crony capitalism,† Marcos' friends using them for personal benefit. With genuinely nationalistic motives, crony capitalism was intended to redistribute monopolies traditionally owned by Chinese and Mestizo oligarchs to Filipino businessmen though in practice, it led to graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the state press the only legal one. He also seized privately owned lands and distributed them to farmers. By waging an ideological war against the oligarchy, Marcos gained the support of the masses though he was to create a new one in its place. Marcos, now free from day-to-day governance which was left mostly to Enrile using his power to settle scores against old rivals, such as the Lopezes, who were always opposed to the Marcos administration. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jose Diokno, Jovito Salonga and many others were imprisoned for months or years. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. The declaration of martial law was initially very well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing though the rest of the world was surprised at how the Filipinos accepted Marcos's self-imposed dictatorship. Soon after Marcos declared martial law, one American official described the Philippines as a country composed â€Å"of 40 million cowards and one son of a bitch†; otherwise, he reasoned, they should have risen against the destroyer of their freedom. 31] Crime rates plunged dramatically after dusk curfews were implemented and the country would enjoy economic prosperity throughout the 1970s in the midst of growing dissent to his strong-willed rule toward the end of martial law. Political opponents were given the opportunity of compliance or forced to go into exile. As a result, thousands migrated to o ther countries, like the U. S. and Canada. Public dissent on the streets was not tolerated and leaders of such protests were promptly arrested, detained, tortured, or never heard from again. Communist leaders, as well as sympathizers, were forced to flee from the cities to the countrysides, where they multiplied. Lim Seng, a feared drug lord, was arrested and executed in Luneta in 1972. As martial law dragged on for the next nine years, human rights violations went unchecked, and graft and corruption by the military and the administration became widespread, as made manifest by the Rolex 12. Over the years, Marcos's hand was strengthened by the support of the armed forces, whose size he tripled to 230,000 troops, after declaring martial law in 1972. The forces included some first-rate units as well as thousands of unruly and ill equipped personnel of the civilian home defense forces and other paramilitary organizations. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary Fidel Ramos, and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Fabian Ver were the chief administrators of martial law from 1972 to 1981, and the three remained President Marcos's closest advisers until he was ousted in 1986. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos's ‘sinking ship' and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade. Ferdinard Marcos with Secretary of State George Shultz, 1982. Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics, senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno. [25] The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. [26] Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. [27] Many political opponents were forced to go into exile. A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the Commonwealth era 1935 Constitution, continued th e work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating his Bagong Lipunan, a â€Å"New Society† based on new social and political values. [28] The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. However, Marcos, his cronies and his wife, Imelda, willfully engaged in rampant corruption. [29] After putting in force amendments to the constitution, legislative action, and securing his sweeping powers and with the Batasan under his control, President Marcos lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere â€Å"face lifting† as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. 30] Marcos had a vision of a Bagong Lipunan (New Society) similar to Indonesian president Suharto's â€Å"New Order administration†. He used the years of martial law to implement this vision. According to Marcos's book, â€Å"Notes on the New Society,† it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filip ino people through self-realization. Marcos confiscated businesses owned by the oligarchy. More often than not, they were taken over by Marcos's family members and close personal friends, who used them as fronts to launder proceeds from institutionalized graft and corruption in the different national governmental agencies as â€Å"crony capitalism,† Marcos' friends using them for personal benefit. With genuinely nationalistic motives, crony capitalism was intended to redistribute monopolies traditionally owned by Chinese and Mestizo oligarchs to Filipino businessmen though in practice, it led to graft and corruption via bribery, racketeering, and embezzlement. Marcos also silenced the free press, making the state press the only legal one. He also seized privately owned lands and distributed them to farmers. By waging an ideological war against the oligarchy, Marcos gained the support of the masses though he was to create a new one in its place. Marcos, now free from day-to-day governance which was left mostly to Enrile using his power to settle scores against old rivals, such as the Lopezes, who were always opposed to the Marcos administration. Leading opponents such as Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. , Jose Diokno, Jovito Salonga and many others were imprisoned for months or years. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. The declaration of martial law was initially very well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing though the rest of the world was surprised at how the Filipinos accepted Marcos's self-imposed dictatorship. Soon after Marcos declared martial law, one American official described the Philippines as a country composed â€Å"of 40 million cowards and one son of a bitch†; otherwise, he reasoned, they should have risen against the destroyer of their freedom. [31] Crime rates plunged dramatically after dusk curfews were implemented and the country would enjoy economic prosperity throughout the 1970s in the midst of growing dissent to his strong-willed rule toward the end of martial law. Political opponents were given the opportunity of compliance or forced to go into exile. As a result, thousands migrated to other countries, like the U. S. and Canada. Public dissent on the streets was not tolerated and leaders of such protests were promptly arrested, detained, tortured, or never heard from again. Communist leaders, as well as sympathizers, were forced to flee from the cities to the countrysides, where they multiplied. Lim Seng, a feared drug lord, was arrested and executed in Luneta in 1972. As martial law dragged on for the next nine years, human rights violations went unchecked, and graft and corruption by the military and the administration became widespread, as made manifest by the Rolex 12. Over the years, Marcos's hand was strengthened by the support of the armed forces, whose size he tripled to 230,000 troops, after declaring martial law in 1972. The forces included some first-rate units as well as thousands of unruly and ill equipped personnel of the civilian home defense forces and other paramilitary organizations. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, Chief of Staff of the Philippine Constabulary Fidel Ramos, and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines Fabian Ver were the chief administrators of martial law from 1972 to 1981, and the three remained President Marcos's closest advisers until he was ousted in 1986. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos's ‘sinking ship' and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade. [edit] Prime Minister (1972-1981)