Renaissance Art Research Paper Essay Example

Renaissance Art Research Paper Essay Renaissance art was born in the second half of the fourteenth century and continued to develop throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, gradually covering one after another, all the countries of Europe. Renaissance art reflected the specific nature of the transitional epoch. Renaissance, which was closely linked to Florence and its society, is undoubtedly one of the most exciting in the history of Western civilization. It not only showed the world a whole galaxy of artists and humanist thinkers, but still contributes to the development of scientific thought, the formation of high culture, and is a great teacher of the beautiful. Formation of a new culture has become a matter primarily humanistic intellectuals, in their origin and social status rather motley and heterogeneous. Ideas, put forward by humanists, were difficult to characterize as â€Å"bourgeois† or â€Å"early bourgeois.† In the culture of the Italian Renaissance there was founded the nucleus of a new outlook, the specific features that defined Renaissance. It was generated by the new demands of life itself, as humanists eagerly sought achieving higher levels of education for a sufficiently wide section of society. We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance Art Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance Art Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance Art Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The origin of prerequisites of the new humanistic outlook is more specifically associated with progressive tendencies in the development of spiritual culture of Europe 12-13 centuries. Urban non-church schools and founded on their basis universities became the focus of secular knowledge, reflecting the needs of social development. In the early Renaissance, the question began to arise of how secular or public art should be, how anthropocentric, what was the man’s place in it. Skillful brush, complex composition, perspective (three-dimensional painting), color, light, radiance, light and shadow, emotion and thoroughness in the work these were the main characteristics of Renaissance art. Mythological and biblical characters were central to the artists of the period. The human body was the main source of inspiration and the object of study in the art of the Renaissance. Similarity with reality has reached such an extent that the characters depicted in the works, seemed alive unlike presented by the art of the twentieth century, where, for example, in a painting by Georges Seurat people are more like fossils. For artists and scientists the human body was an infinite source. They constantly improve their knowledge and skills by studying the human body. Physical perfection reflected the prevailing view then, that man was created in the image and likeness of God. The gods were really personified and depicted as people with features that were inherent in a person, unlike the works of art of the Middle Ages. College students seeking to prepare a decent research proposal should use free example renaissance art research paper. These free sample can be a great source of relevant data if written properly. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper on Renaissance Art topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

Copernicus- Rebellion essays

Copernicus- Rebellion essays In the late 1400s to the mid 1500s, people believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Ptolemy stated that the Earth was stationary and that the sun, moon, planets, and stars revolved around imaginary points, which in turn revolved around the Earth. Copernicus knew that nature acted in the simplest ways, so he questioned why the planets would move in such a ponderous scheme of circles (Bolton 5). Copernicus made long and careful observations of the stars and planets throughout most of his life and was convinced that the geocentric theory of the universe was incorrect (Siedel 26). Afraid to denounce his theory, Copernicus did not publish the book of his theories, Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, until four weeks before his death on May 24, 1543 (Siedel 27). Copernicus was skeptical to the thinking during the time he was alive because Aristotle and Ptolemys theories of the universe were based on religion and gods. As predictions made in agreement to their theories beca me more and more inaccurate, Copernicus searched for an explanation that was closer in agreement with his observations of the planets and stars. Copernicus rebelled against the powers that be by studying heavenly bodies in accordance to his own theory and publishing volumes that completely contradicted the beliefs of the people of the Middle Ages: In the midst of all dwells the sun. In 1543, European thought was dominated by the theories of Aristotle, who centuries before had divided the world into two separate entities: one changeable and corruptible, inhabited by man, and the other indestructible and inhabited by gods. The geocentric theory of the universe was also such a cornerstone of the medieval Christian faith that to challenge it was the same as arguing with the scriptures (Siedel 26). Ptolemys theory was so entwined with matters of the church and scriptures that it remained absolutely unquestioned for 1400 ye...

REFLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REFLECTION - Essay Example However, the persuasive lesson encourages me to use knowledge and skill that I had not realized that I already have. Nonetheless, the classroom games were the basic concepts that introduced me to the basic concepts for convincing or lobbying for something I deemed indispensable for me or rather something I needed from my fellow student through persuasive arguments or reasoning. Additionally, during the course, I learnt to choose my own persuasive words and statements towards analyzing different definitions associated with persuasive techniques (Souter and Billout, 2007). After learning the different persuasive techniques applied in oral argument, I am now capable to apply different, independent persuasive techniques in different writing activities as well as in analyzing other students’ works in line with their effective use of persuasive techniques. Despite the technicality in the strategies used in developing persuasive writing, the course taught me numerous, persuasive strategies toward effective, persuasive writing. Among the most vital persuasive wring strategies is the understanding the concepts of the subject (Souter and Billout, 2007). I achieved this technique through listening and analyzing various persuasive speeches and writings that were found in other media of communication including the newspaper, television, magazines, and internet. Through reading and use of these media of communication, I learnt to look for words, word phrases, and persuasive writing techniques including reasoning, counterarguments, repetitions, and comparisons. These techniques improved my reading and thinking skills (Souter and Billout, 2007). Other essential element of persuasive writing that I learnt during the course is the breaking down persuasive elements either to be used in a speech or writing. The essence of breaking persuasive elements is to have a clear introduction to the argument (Souter and Billout, 2007). Moreover, I through this requirement,

Free and Fair Elections - Canadian Politics Essay

Free and Fair Elections - Canadian Politics - Essay Example Though the Canadian electoral system to a large extent affiliates to many democratic imperatives like being a representative democracy where the legislative office is decided through popular competitive elections, a political system that affiliates to a multiparty system of democracy, accrual of a range of political choices to the voters, and a reasonably fair and transparent system of governance, still, it will be unfair to conclude that all is well with the Canadian electoral system. ... First past the post system first and foremost is quiet simple and straightforward. Thereby such an electoral system is easy and economical to execute and in no way bothers the people who cannot understand the more complex electoral systems.5 First past the post system is also economical in terms of time in the sense that it takes only a few hours to count the total number of votes and the results could be declared at the earliest.6 This system of electioneering tends to get a sense of the voters’ views as to which party ought to from the government in the simplest possible way and thereby presents a simple and straightforward view pertaining to the peoples’ will.7 However, it goes without saying that irrespective of being an utterly simplistic way of conducting elections, first past the post electoral system in a way suppresses the will and the views of a large number of voters and is certainly not good for democracy.8 Canada has been a thriving democracy since long and now is the high time that the Canadian electoral system must graduate to more inclusive and complex electoral systems. The biggest flaw with the first past the post system is that it readily facilitates a two party system and tends to favor single party governments who are not required to rely on the support of other parties to pass legislations.9 The first past the post system certainly tends to bypass the opinion and aspirations of a large chunk of voters, as the candidates even securing a marginal excess of votes could actually win.10 It does not matter how much votes the losing candidate accrues as the winning candidate is required to get more votes than the losing candidates. Besides, first past the

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The passages 34-38 (Quinones 460) prove the fact that Jeremy had no intention to make himself a hero, he was truly worried about the kids and did his best to save them. The same intentions I noticed in the interview with that fireman I read years ago and this was really surprising for me, because usually when people do something good they want others to see their good actions and evaluate the person who does something moral as a virtuous kind of personality. However, the fireman from that article was extremely unpretentious telling the stories about all those people he had saved like it was his routine working responsibilities. Thus he claimed that it was just his job, like if it was something equal in its value to what people do in offices or something like that. The fireman wasn’t thinking of being a hero, he was just doing his job, as well as Jeremy was doing what he knew he had to do, so he wasn’t even considering any other options except helping those kids. Iâ€⠄¢m pretty sure that in that moment he wasn’t even thinking â€Å"I have to save the kids†, he was just doing it without thinking, as his actions were absolutely automatic. Hence, it is possible to say that the actions of both the fireman and John were truly heroic, as there wasn’t the intention to become a hero in none of them, because real heroism is essentially simply kind and thoughtful. The Michaej’s Weiskopf story about him losing his hand and saving the three other people in fact reveals an interesting definition of heroism as a â€Å"quick response to a changing environment† (Weiskopf, 467). Probably, the story indeed proves the thesis, however, the story of another journalist, Robert Cox, demonstrates the kind of journalistic heroism that is not engaged with self-preservation instinct but the one based on sacrifice of one’s own life for the sake of justice and truth. Robert Cox was

Major Environmental Issues In Bhutan

Major Environmental Issues In Bhutan There are a lot of environment issues in Bhutan and the most detrimental issues among them are firewood collection, crop and flock protection, waste management and modern concerns such as industrial pollution, climate change that threatens Bhutans population and biodiversity. Land and Water use have also become a part of environmental concern in rural and urban areas.Air and noise pollution are also prevalent in urban centers. Land degradation, biodiversity and habitat loss, high fuel-wood consumption, and human-wildlife conflicts are some of Bhutans environmental challenges. The most affected ones are the poor people rather than politically empowered and richer ones. Environmental issues in Bhutan.(2012). In Wikipedia.Retrieved October 09,2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan In Bhutan, for bukharis(a steel oven), more than 10,184.22 cubic feet, i.e. 42 truckloads of firewood are burnt each day during the winter months in the Thimphu valley. On an average each household burns about 2.614 cubic feet of firewood every day. Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½s annual consumption of firewood is approximately 916560 cubic feet. The burning of firewood causes high levels of pollution during winter mornings (National environment commission, NEC, 1999). The construction of traditional house mostly in rural areas done fully in wooden materials which requires a lot of wood requires more logging resulting in depletion of forests and degradation of forestland. Air pollution is an emerging issue in Bhutan resulting from increased urbanization and industrialization. Air pollution in cities is mainly caused by enormous number of vehicles. The vehicle population in the kingdom has grown by 14% in the last year, pushing the number from 14,206 to 16,335 with Thimphu and Phuntsholing having the largest number of vehicles (NEC,1999). In Thimphu, two-wheelers form about 45% of the total vehicles, while cars and jeeps account for about 35%, and buses, about 2% (MoP,1996).The increase in number of vehicles have led to more pollution which is harmful for the environment as well human health. According to (MOP,1996) Industrial activities in Bhutan have grown tremendously. The number of industries has gone up from 742 in 1990, to 4,394 in 1997.The small scale sector has grown 17 times during the same period. Mineral-based industries have grown faster in the last 20 years. The contribution of industrial sector to the GDP has gone up from 0.01% in 1982 to 3.2 % in 1992. Data relating to Cement industry states that, at present 4 cement plants are operating in Bhutan. Major pollutants namely particulate matter, fugitive emissions and gaseous pollutants are emitted from the operations of cement plants. In newspapers there are a lot of complaints by people relating to dust produced by the plants and the vehicles plying on it affecting the growth of their crops and their health. In Bhutan there are four chemical industries. These chemical industries produce calcium carbide, ferro silica, plaster of paris, rosin and turpentine and activated carbon. (TERI Shriram,1999)As a result, the disturbance to ambience and work zone emissions are the major problems. The principal pollutants are dust and particulate emissions. Various other gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide also emanate from the chemical industry. Mining industry is also popular in Bhutan as it is rich in minerals. The major minerals mined are limestone, gypsum, coal, quartzite and dolomite. Most of these minerals are mined for domestic consumption and some for commercial especially to nearby Indian states. The major problems due to these mining industries are management of overburden and drilling waste, reclamation and runoff from mined areas, which cause soil erosion and air pollution. The urban population in Bhutan is increasing at a rate of 6.7% annually, more than double the national population growth rate of 3.1% per year (National Statistic Bureau, NSB, 2006).This rapid increase has resulted in unplanned urban development, slums, increase in consumption patterns and higher demands related to transport, energy and other infrastructure leading to various pollution problems. Climate change in Bhutan is a ramification of air pollution. Climate plays a role in the transmission of many infectious disease and some of them are among the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.Deaths due to thermal stress; hypothermia and heat stroke, death/injury in floods, storms and drought and various diseases such as Diarrhoeal Diseases (Food and Water borne transmission), Influenza (Air-borne transmission), Dengue (Female Aedes mosquitoes), Meningococcal meningitis(Air borne transmission), Cholera(Food and Water borne transmission) affecting the human life are possible results of climate/weather change . Over the years, Bhutan has witnessed several Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF), flash floods and landslides that have washed away homes, paddy fields, damaged vital infrastructures and have resulted in deaths and these events could be related to climate or weather change Tshering and Sithey (1996) claims that Bursting of some lake in eastern Lunana, partial burst of lugge had destroyed part of punakha dzong, some lives dead, households affected, dry and pasture land washed, domestic animals washed away, reserved food grains lost, bridges washed away, temples and chortens destroyed and even caused health effects such as diseases related to safe drinking water, malnutrition, sanitation and hygiene. Flash floods and landslides are common during the monsoon period extending from May to August. It has caused about 100 hundred lives and damages worth in millions. Houses were either fully or partially damaged and wetland as well dry land washed away. Crops such as maize, paddy, oranges trees and potatoes were lost affecting the households. According to (National Environment Commission, NEC,2006) : Livestock rearing, especially of cattle, is a vital rural activity. The estimated cattle population of the country is more than 100,000 and the number is likely to increase along with human population. Grazing of this huge number, far beyond the carrying capacity, in forest areas, exerts a tremendous pressure on forestland with resultant degradation.  ¿Ã‚ ½Poaching in Bhutan is an environmental issue both within the kingdom and at its borders. Many species are poached for their alleged medicinal properties. Though protected within Bhutan, wildlife products including rhinoceros horn, tiger bones, musk and cordyceps command high prices outside the kingdom. ¿Ã‚ ½Although porous borders are blamed for trafficking in poached wildlife, some protected species such as cordyceps ¿Ã‚ ½have their own markets within Bhutan. Shifting cultivation is an age-old practice common to several parts of the country. With increases in population, more and more areas are being tapped for this practice. With the narrowing down of the fallow cycle due to paucity of arable lands, such practices do not allow a sufficient period for the natural processes of recuperation to repair the disturbed ecosystem resulting in erosion and fertility decline. (Ministry of Agriculture, MOA,1996), estimated a total area of 883 km2 under shifting cultivation in Bhutan. Thus, shifting cultivation is one of the significant contributing factors to forest degradation. However, the expansion of agriculture due to increases in population and the recent boom in horticulture is bringing more and more land for such use for which is not suitable. The situation is leading to encroachment into forest on one hand and degradation of land on the other. Ways to address the economic problems. The Royal Society for the Protection of Nature (RSPN): According to Phuentsho, N.(2009). It is Bhutans first and only private non profit organization with nation-wide operations. Since its foundation in 1987, the RSPN has promoted conservation, education, outreach, and sustainable development. In 2009, the RSPN reincorporated under the Civil Society Authority, and operates as a public benefit organization (PBO) under Bhutanese law. The RSPN is particularly active in protecting the Phobjika Valley (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to many endangered species such as the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis). This valley contains wildlife corridors connecting Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park with other protected areas of Bhutan, However most of the area is not under official government protection. To meet environmental needs, RSPN staff runs projects to promote sustainable ecotourism, alternative energy, and gender equity. The organization had even outfitted more than two hundred homes, monasteries, and other buildings with solar photovoltaic panels, and provided Bhutanese women with solar water heaters, one-pot hole mud stoves, rain barrels, and other assets that improve both human and environmental conditions. Agriculture practise To address environmental issues, the government of Bhutan has banned certain practices with varying success. ¿Ã‚ ½Tsheri ¿Ã‚ ½agriculture, especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas is a practice by which land is cleared and farmed intensively until it becomes unproductive and is thereafter left fallow. Since it is particularly environmentally harmful, the practice has been banned by the government since 1969. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints. Ban on plastic bags Bhutan also prohibited plastic bags nationwide. The ban on plastic bags, however, has proven a daunting challenge in implementation and enforcement because of the practicality of lightweight airtight storage and a lack of feasible alternatives. The people are made to buy cotton bags and fines levied on those who undermine the norms. Five year plan Throughout Bhutan, dependence on firewood as a fuel source has been historically prevalent. Before hydroelectric power ¿Ã‚ ½and other modern energy sources became available, the source of fuel for heating, cooking, and lighting was nearly exclusively firewood. The provision of electricity, as well as better regulation of fuelwood collectors and more aggressive reforestation ¿Ã‚ ½projects was seen as a key factor in forest conservation. Because affordable electricity was not available throughout the country, the government established fuelwood plantations near villages to accommodate daily needs and to promote forest conservation. ¿Ã‚ ½Firewood harvesting and management remains one of Bhutans leading environmental challenges; the kingdom is one of the worlds leaders in firewood consumption.In order to make Bhutan self-sustaining and to improve its current ability to feed itself, a few prominent policy objectives that are being adopted during the Eighth Five Year. The Plans are as follows : Sustainable and balanced development of RNR for the enhancement of self-sufficiency and food security through an integrated systems approach within the national economy. Conservation of the unique natural and cultural heritage of the country and protection of the fragile mountain environment.To achieve the aforesaid policy objectives, the main strategies adopted are : Conceiving and implementing needs based research to increase production, conservation and efficient use of local resources. The role of the RNR research programme has been broadened to include input into policy development and monitoring technology to avoid inappropriate or harmful introduction and Enhancing the planning base for the sector and formulating an enabling regulatory framework. Wild life ¿Ã‚ ½ Protected wildlife had entered agricultural areas, trampling crops and killing livestock bringing huge losses to traditional farmers. The government has implemented an ¿Ã‚ ½insurance ¿Ã‚ ½scheme, began constructing solar powered ¿Ã‚ ½alarm fences, watch towers, search lights, and has provided fodder and salt licks ¿Ã‚ ½outside human settlement areas to encourage animals to stay away. ¿Ã‚ ½Bhutan has also sought assistance from the United Nations Development Programme in combating crop and livestock losses. Waste Disposal Memelakha waste disposal site in thimphu Bhutan In May 1993, Thimphu established a waste disposal site at Memelakha, developed by the Thimphu City Corporation (TCC) with assistance from the Danish government (DANIDA). It is currently the only landfill site in Bhutan. The site is situated about 12 km away from the city thereby eliminating any health hazards within the city area. TCC(Tashi commercial cooperation) is the sole agency responsible for the waste management within Thimphu municipality. Domestic waste is collected and managed by the respective city/municipal corporations,The waste management includes waste collection and disposal system without waste segregation at source. Other than informal waste pickers/scavengers and minor scrap dealers, no significant waste recycling plans were initiated. Whatever wastes that could be collected and transported by the waste pickers/dealers were traded across the border to India and Bangladesh. According to (Population and housing census of Bhutan, PHCB, 2005), Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½s population was 79,185 and the daily waste collection was 36.7 tonnes for Thimphu . Daily, more than seven (7) trucks of waste is transported to the site according to the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) ¿Ã‚ ½s survey in 2005.Thimphu ¿Ã‚ ½began a subsidized pilot project for sorting between biodegradable and non-biodegradable refuse. Thimphu municipal authorities also addressed the ubiquitous plastic in its refuse with a shredder for pet bottles to facilitate transport to recycling in India. The residents are informed to keep separate bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Shop and house owners are compelled to place bins/containers alongside the shops n outside of houses in most dzongkhags and failing to do so are levied fines. Clean Bhutan project The ¿Ã‚ ½Clean Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½project is a concerted effort of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders using recommendations from the Solid Waste Management Policy Framework to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels (Royal Society For Protection Of Nature [RSPN[, 2006). The campaign is subdivided into four components: ¿Ã‚ ½Launching with Awareness programs, Solidarity show, Development of Education and awareness material such as Posters, StickersNewspapers, Radio programs, TV programs an Integration into video/movie shows. Mobile advocacy visiting the dzongkhags ,Urban and rural areas. Physical Cleaning of the Nation through coordinated and public support clean up, research on alternative to garbage disposal facilities, suggesting alternatives to plastic bags, research dustbins and costing, management systems for urban and rural and the Organization would like to solicit support from members, individuals, communities and agencies in showing solidarity to the cause. The recent implementation of green tax of 20 percent for vehicles above 1,800cc and five percent below for the environment is a good cause which can be used for environment development. It will also help curb the problem of more imports of vehicle which can create a safe environment. Electric cars were axed out of taxes as it has no ill effects on the environment. The move of pedestrian day on june5th  ¿Ã‚ ½ world environment day on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm pushed by Five agencies namely: The National Environment commission Secretariat, Thimphu City Corporation, Road Safety and Transport Authority, Traffic Division and Bhutan Post to protect the environment, promoting human health and community interaction .All the people of Thimphu dzongkhag are compelled to walk or use bi-cycle and even electric cars allowed to ply in and around the city for schools, offices, for personal works. Police personals are stringent about the move and found at the junction of the city to implement the laws. General principles behind the national environment strategy of Bhutan National Environment Commission The national environment commission (NEC) is a high- level independent government organization of Bhutan and responsible to look after all the issues impacting the environment. Its high-level commission ensures it receive support from all other government bodies. The commission also studies the developmental impacts on the environment and aims to place control, norms and perks to the private/public sectors to achieve sustainable development through the judicious use of natural resources. The coordination of inter sectoral programmes, the implementation of policies and laws with regard to the environment is also another important mandate of the Commission. The NEC Secretariat plays a key role in promoting sound environmental policies and investments. This Secretariat is responsible for ensuring that the country follows a sustainable development path and that all projects be it public or private, take into consideration of the environmental aspects. The objective of the commission or its successive agencies is to implement the principles enshrined in this act. i.e. to Protect and promote a safe and healthy environment, Prevent ,control and decrease environmental harm and decrease pollution, Conserve and make sustainable use of resources, Through implementation of Environmental Assessment Act,2000, institutionalize the environmental assessment process as the main part of the development plans and to discuss and implement bilateral and multilateral environmental agreements. Introduction Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½s age old tradition of living in harmony with nature supported by the decision of the parliament to maintain a minimum of sixty percent of country ¿Ã‚ ½s land under forest cover in perpetuity. Fourth king King Jigme Singye Wangchuk ¿Ã‚ ½s policy of  ¿Ã‚ ½Gross National Happiness ¿Ã‚ ½ which denotes sustainable development as an essential element. Bhutan ¿Ã‚ ½s homage for the international environment laws and agreeing to major international environment and sustainable development. Honour for the visionary aspirations of our beloved kings and to fore fathers for the passing of moral, cultural and ecological values to ensure sustainable socio-economic development. The National Environment Protection Act, 2007 It came into force on the 16th day of the 6th month of the Female Fire Pig Year of the Bhutanese calendar, corresponding to 31 July 2007 which extends to whole Bhutan.All other acts and policies governing the use of land, water, forest, minerals and other natural resources will be in agreement with this act. And provision of all existing laws relating to environment which disagrees with this act can no longer have any legal force. The purpose of this act. is to protect and conserve the environment by the National Environment Commission by implanting an effective system ,designation of competent authorities and constitution of other advisory committees, so as to independently regulate and promote sustainable development in an equitable manner. Environmental principles. The people and the government one after the other shall continue to strive to consider and adopt its developmental policies, plans and programs in harmony with the following environmental policies: The policy of fundamental right and duty states that every being has equal right to live in a safe and healthy environment but he even have to protect and promote the environment for the wellbeing of the country. The inter-generational equity says that it is the responsibility of the present generation to maintain and enhance the health, diversity and productivity of the environment for the well-being of future generations. The middle path strategy states that the natural resource such as air, water, biodiversity, soil, minerals, forest shall not be compromised for the economic development achieving the policy of sustainable development. According to Government ¿Ã‚ ½s Middle Path Strategy  ¿Ã‚ ½economic development and environmental conservation shall receive equal priority ¿Ã‚ ½. The precautionary principle compels any developmental activity taking place should be well planned and executed in harmony with the nature and must foresee its potential to overcome the damages. Any person using the natural resource from the environment or deriving economic benefits must ensure sustainable use and manage them well and their ecology. Making excuses at the time of environment damage to be managed later shall not be accepted. The principle or 3RsEach states that each and every activity shall be planned and made operational in ways causing the least possible change on the environment, with least jeopardy and minimize the consumption of raw materials and energy during construction, production, distribution and utilization at the best considering the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle and prevent or limit environmental impacts at first. The polluter pays principle obliges any person polluting the environment or causing harm to the ecology is liable to pay the cost for containment, avoidance, abatement, medical compensation, mitigation, remediation and restoration. The local government departments , institutions, persons, businesses and the organisation protecting the rules regarding environment must cooperate with each other. The uniformity of the system (environmental protection) shall be guaranteed by the government, state authorities, and the private sectors via appropriate policies, plans and Program such as environmental assessment processes, norms, incentives, fiscal policies and other instruments. The right to information policy allows every person the right to know about the state of the environment and all activities which are intended to do that could have adverse effects on the environment. The access to justice allows person to seek legal redress for any harm or that could cause negative effect to a person ¿Ã‚ ½s right of a safe and healthy environment. The sovereign rights principle states that the state has power over renewable and non-renewable natural resources within the limits of its national jurisdiction. The principle of payments for environment services states any person using or extracting natural resources shall be liable to pay for ecosystem m/environmental services. Examples of successes in protecting environment in Bhutan The implementation of pedestrian day on june5th (world environment day) on all Tuesdays from 8am to 6pm in the recent years to protect the environment by reducing pollution, promoting human health and community interaction have come up as a big success. The move was appreciated by many other dzongkhags and some evenhad implemented it albeit showdowns by many peoples. Implementation of green tax encourages people to buy environment friendly or electric cars as no taxes are levied on those because of no pollution being produced. It reduces the demand for motor vehicles due to high cost which eventually reduces environmental pollution. According to chophel, k. (2012) the NEC is being stringent by full time monitoring whether mining quarries are complying with the rules and by implementing corrective measures. They are also going to train private miners for better knowledge regarding mining that would cause less environmental damages. The RSPN protecting the Phobjika Valley (Wangdue Phodrang District), home to many endangered species such as the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) have led to increase in the number of such species that makes the country looks unique and aesthetic. The Memelakha waste disposal site in Thimphu has proved to be best method of waste management within Thimphu municipality and because of the success , the authorities have identified a landfill site in Phuntsholing similar to that in Thimphu and it is expected that this site will get developed shortly. Government has also identified landfill sites for 10 other urban centres. The process of logging which was detrimental to the environment is no longer prevalent. The government laws that penalize the offender helps maintain the forest cover. Bhutan imposed a ban on timber exports, though domestic timber harvesting remains heavily regulated under a network of foresters and road checkpoints. The government of Bhutan that had banned certain agriculture practices regarding to Tsheri ¿Ã‚ ½agriculture which is especially prevalent among Sharchops and Lhotshampas since 1969 has reduced the impact on environment and is such practices are rare to find in this modern times. The Clean Bhutan project of RSPN and various other relevant stakeholders to bring about collaboration in addressing the urgent needs and identify measures to combat the increasing solid waste issues at individual, household, institution and community levels has been a success. Most of the times it ¿Ã‚ ½s given in Bhutanese news papers and Bhutan Board Casting Service (BBS) that many people are lending their leisure time in helping collecting bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste in and around city, at scared sites and prime places. The new policy of making the country clean and green in which every house owner and shopkeepers compelled to keep a waste/trash bin outside the house/shop and even cleaning the surroundings have come up as big success. Peoples failing to provide bins and found with dirty surroundings were levied fined by the respective authorities. Shortcomings in environment protection Four years ago, the country had initiated a measure with the intriguing acronym HEHE Helping our environment, health and economy ¿Ã‚ ½to be implemented in Sarpang. The move failed to sustain, and died after a few months. The increase in the number of vehicles has enormous effect on the ecology. The level of pollution emitted by those vehicles is tremendous and detrimental to not only to ecology but to the living beings. Albeit knowing the harmful effects of over-utilization of the natural environment , Human beings prefer development prime. They promote deforestation and construction of roads through the jungles to live a comfortable and easy life(easy transport of crops and vegetables). Bhutan being a developing country with most of its people illiterate unaware of consequences throw non-degradable waste such as papers, plastics and bottles in rivers, surroundings at ease that harms environment. In some parts of the country, people have to walk for 10 kilometres or more to fetch water because their water sources have dried up and some have access to water based on timings which keeps people disgruntled. The reasons they cite for water shortages are: More people than they used to have before i.e. overpopulation leading to environment problems and Landslides causing blockages and breakages. According to Chophel, k. (2012) lack of qualified manpower(professional miners),inspectors and operators in mining field is causing more devastation to environment and peoples complain of dust emissions from the factories and the gargantuan trucks plying on the road emitting lots of dust not only affects the environment but also the human health and growth of crops. References used for the assignment Jarbie (2012) ,In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bhutan Tshewang,D. (2010,march25).Japan ¿Ã‚ ½s qsp implementation report . Retrieved from http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/saicm/forum/100325/mat03-1.pdf National Environment Commision(n.d.).Principles of applicable to environmental protection. Retrieved from http://www.nec.gov.bt/legislation/NEPA%20_ENG.pdf Yeshey,P. (n.d.). MEMELAKHA WASTE DISPOSAL SITE IN THIMPHU, BHUTAN. Retrived from http://www.3rkh.net/3rkh/files/03%20MEMELAKHA%20WASTE%20DISPOSAL%20SITE,%20THIMPHU,%20BHUTAN.pdf Food And Ariculture Organization Of The United States (n.d.). Principles of applicable to environmental pritection. Retrieved from http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bhu78334E.pdf Gyeltshen,N. ( 2012, September 12). Green tax slashed to 20%.Retrieved from http://www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=33101, Batra,A. (June6,2012). Central Thimpu becomes pedestrian zone on World Environment Day. Retrieved from http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/tuesdays-are-pedestrians-day-out-bhutan

Essay --

Agriculture plays an important role in the economic development of the country. It produces not only food and raw material but also a large portion of the workforce is engaged in this field (more than 50% in Georgia) . Agriculture is characterized by the presence of risk factors, and hence it is very important to know how to deal with these hazards. Risk factors can be not only biological or climatic variability, as well as fluctuations in prices. Unlike other manufacturers, for farmers and also for privet companies which are involved in agriculture it is difficult to predict the revenues and therefore profits from their activities. Therefore, insurance in agriculture is regarded as the one of the most important and effective way of rick management. It’s very interesting to look through the frameworks of insurance systems in developed countries and also study the experience of developing countries. As well the discussions about tendencies and problems related to insurance in developing countries. As it seems half of the worldwide agriculture insurance comes for US, and less than one-third comes for Western European states. Only three percent comes for Central and Eastern European countries of the world's agricultural insurance. Downstairs on the table we can see the availability of agricultural insurance around the world. In developed countries, there are different types of insurance systems. One of them is the privet insurance system in case of which the insurance companies provide the total compensation for losses and there is no government subsidy for premiums. This kind of insurance system works in Finland, in Germany and in France and in a few other developed countries. Private companies typically insure only certain risks... ... as the reinsurer and they forming entire system and working with it. In this case state should have the role organizer and should put the first capital in this type of insurance companies. The main founders of this system should be the farmers, agricultural cooperatives and peasantry, and also the farmers who have the status of an independent legal entity. I think, taking into account the situation of are in Georgia in this field, I mean, considering natural climate risks, at least in the first stage of all crops and agricultural sectors to be insured should be mandatory for government. Also, it will be interesting to divide Georgia as western and eastern parts and create the self-insurance funds or communities in these two regions. It will be more risk averse for farmers and it will diversify the risks. I will work to make deep this idea and apply to Georgia. â€Æ'

Management Paper Outline

I. Introduction A. Indicate the case name and page number, and give a very brief summary of it. B. Forecast the main points you will be making in the paper. II. Environmental Factors and Ethical Considerations A. What are the primary issues in this case? Why are they significant? B. What are the contextualizing environmental factors in this case? Why are they noteworthy? C. What are the factors affecting ethical choices in this case? Which is most important? D. How can the criteria for ethical decision making be applied in this case? Which of the criteria is most relevant? Why? III.Planning A. What type of planning and goal setting are depicted in this case? What are the implications of those types of planning and goal setting? B. What type of decision making is evident in this case? What can be inferred from the approach or approaches to decision making used in this case? IV. Organizing C. What characteristics of organizing are exhibited in this case? What are the implications of th ose characteristics? D. How and to what extent are change and innovation undertaken in this case? What are the consequences of the change and innovation initiatives or lack of initiatives?E. How and to what extent is the strategic role of human resource management practiced in this case? What are the implications of those practices for maintaining an effective workforce and valuing diversity? V. Leading F. How is the importance of attitudes, personality traits, and emotional intelligence evidenced in this case? What is the significance of attitudes, personality traits, and emotional intelligence in this case? G. What is the nature of leadership exhibited or not exhibited in this case? What can be inferred from the nature of leadership exhibited in this case? H.How and to what extent is an understanding of motivation demonstrated in this case? What can be learned from this? I. What characteristics of communication are exhibited in this case? What are the implications of those charact eristics? J. How and to what extent is teamwork used in this case? What are the implications of the use or lack of use of teamwork in this case? VI. Controlling K. How and to what extent are TQM or other techniques of control exercised in this case? L. What can be learned about the nature and implications of control in this case? VII. Summary and Implications M.How and to what extent are the basic functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) in or out of alignment in this case? What is the significance of the alignment or lack of alignment? N. How and to what extent are the basic functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) in concert with the environmental conditions? What is the significance of this? O. How and to what extent are ethics and social responsibility exercised in this case? What are the implications of this? P. What, in the end, are your primary findings in this case? What are the implications of those findings?

Disturbance as a Crucial Process in Shaping the Modern Landscape When the Pieces of Mosaics Fall into Their Places

Disturbance as a Crucial Process in Shaping the Modern Landscape When the Pieces of Mosaics Fall into Their Places Of all the things that surround us, landscape seems by far the most stable of all; when looking beyond the horizon, one might think that years will pass, people will come and leave, but the mountains in the distance will always remain in their places.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disturbance as a Crucial Process in Shaping the Modern Landscape: When the Pieces of Mosaics Fall into Their Places specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this stability is only an illusion; according to the research results, the process known as disturbance shapes the landscape greatly. Because of the disturbance process, the landscape, especially its forest elements, maintain relative stability and display amazing diversity. As Turner, Gardner and O’Neill explain, â€Å"A disturbance is defined as a relatively discrete event that disrupts the structure of an ecosystem, community, or population and changes resource availabilit y or the physical environment† (Turner, Gardner O’Neill, 2001, 159). Therefore, any event within the specific ecosystem that leads to the gradual change of the latter can be classified as a disturbance. There have also been attempts to define an ecosystem disturbance as tectonic movement, which actually matches the key idea of a disturbance. However, it is essential to mention that a disturbance can be triggered not only by the movement of the tectonic blocks, but also by the factors that have much faster, though just as drastic effects, e.g., hurricanes, tsunami and storms. All in all, â€Å"the definition of disturbance is scale dependent,† as Turner, Gardner O’Neill (2001, 159) put it. While the above-mentioned disturbance processes doubtlessly have huge effect on the lives of a number of organisms, as well as on the shape of the landscape, it is still important to figure out why these phenomena are considered of great significance for the landscape e cology.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since disturbances do not happen often, their impact can be viewed as accidental and not quite long-lasting. Therefore, disturbances definitely deserve a better look. The existing evidence shows that disturbances play a great role in shaping landscape: â€Å"Natural disturbances and those caused by human actions can promote plant and animal diversity by influencing the composition, age, size, edge characteristics, and distribution of stands across the landscape† (Voller Harrison, 2011, 23). Judging by the given statement, the effects of disturbances are not necessarily grandeur or induced by a cataclysm. At the same time, the patterns and scale of disturbance depends on the type of the landscape greatly, which makes disturbance and landscape mutually dependent. One of the major positive aspects of disturbance, by the way, is its selectiveness; according to the research data, disturbances do not capture an entire area – instead, they seize a certain part of it, depending on their scale. Thus, the positive effect of a disturbance is provided; once a disturbance could be observed in all corners of a specific area, the species within the given area would have been extinct, and the balance between certain elements of the landscape, e.g., the young and old segments of the chosen area would have been broken. It is also noteworthy that disturbances pass relatively unnoticed in certain landscapes. On the one hand, it might seem that the disturbances on a grand scale must shape any landscape considerably; however, the specifics of certain areas make the landscapes greatly resilient to any sort of disturbance. For example, in the places like desert, where the herbage is very scarce or completely absent, fires will not have a tangible effect.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disturbance as a Crucial Process in Shaping the Modern Landscape: When the Pieces of Mosaics Fall into Their Places specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Turner, Gardner and O’Neill say, â€Å"Landscape position appears to influence susceptibility to disturbance when the disturbance itself has a distinct directionality (e.g., hurricane tracks) such that some locations are usually ore exposed than the others† (Turner, Gardner O’Neill, 2001, 165). Unlike one might have thought, disturbances are not chaotic; they have their own specific patterns that can be researched and, thus, predicted with sufficient precision. Depending on the specifics of the area, the patterns of disturbances may vary. Among the most well known factors that influence the disturbance patterns the area of the patch must be named. While a smaller area soon becomes completely engulfed by a certain disturbance, larger areas do not allow a disturbance to spread further ; with many obstacles on its way, including mountains, canyons, rivers, etc., which actually make another factor, i.e., spatial distribution, a disturbance will most likely die out before it even reaches one third of the area. Finally, frequency and recurrence interval must be taken into account. While the latter means the mean time between the disturbance events and allows a specific area to renew and adapt to the changes brought on by the previous disturbance, the former is an approximate number of disturbances that happen in the given area within a certain amount of time (a year, as a rule) (Walker, 2011, 59). Generally speaking, the process of disturbance influences the landscape ecology positively and changes the landscape very slowly, which allows the latter to change so that all its elements, including the fauna, could adapt to the new environment without considerable problems.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, it is important to keep in mind that disturbances also characterize a landscape to a considerable extent. Literature Cited Turner, M. G., R. H. Gardner, and R. V. O’Neill, 2001. Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Springer, New York, NY. Voller, J. S. Harrison, 2011. Conservation biology principles for forested landscapes. UBC Press, Vancouver, CA. Walker, L. R., 2011. The biology of disturbed habitats. Oxford University Press, New York.

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;The Kite Runner#8221; by Khaled Hosseini

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;The Kite Runner#8221; by Khaled Hosseini The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the history of Afghanistan and describes the story of two boys growing up there. While both these boys share the same household and wet nurse, their fathers are from two different worlds. It’s been one of the New York Time’s bestselling books and is an interesting book that everyone should read. Since you’re writing an exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we’re assuming that you have already read the book. If you haven’t, however, there is nothing to worry about. We’ve helped hundreds of students like you write fascinating and engaging essays on various topics and we’re here to help you too. This is the first of our three manuals, where you will learn 10 facts on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. These facts will not only entertain you with interesting tidbits about the book, but also be of great assistance when you are writing. In our second manual, we’ve included 20 topics on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, to get you started right away. This is because most students have no idea where to start, since they have so much information on a particular topic and often don’t know how to put it to good use. It also includes an exploratory essay on one of the 20 topics – a perfect sample to take assistance from. Finally, in our third manual, you’ll find an Informative guide on exploratory essay on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. This serves as an ideal manual for you to write a better and more concise exploratory essay on the book. Without further ado, here are 10 Facts on The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini: The book tells a story of two boys, Amir and Hassan, who are raised in the same household and even have the same wet nurse, but are different by family and status. Amir is the son of an affluent and well-known man, whereas, Hassan is the son of a servant who works for Amir’s father. During the Soviet Union invasion, Amir and his father decide to leave Afghanistan and start a new life in California, leaving Hassan behind. The Kite Runner starts from 1973, when Zahir Shah was overthrown by the Army due to the monarchy led by him. Later, Daoud Khan, cousin and son-in law of Zahir Shah, declared himself president of the republic. Daoud claimed to be honest in his revolution and swore to eradicate corruption from Afghanistan. However, once he gained power, he changed his regimen due to which he was overthrown by the same army that brought him into power. The Kite Runner introduces a bully in its story, Assef, who’s a notorious character with violent, mean and sadistic tendencies. He is older than Amir and Hassan and tries to blame Amir for socializing with the Hazara people; i.e. Hassan, who, according to him, is from an inferior race and should only live in Hazarajat. In the book, he tries to confront and attack Amir with his brass knuckles, but Hassan plays a heroic role in defending Amir with his slingshot and threatens to shoot out Assef’s left eye. In the book, Hassan is a saint-like figure. Amir, on the other hand, is shown as a cowardice and jealousy-prone character. There are events when both these characters show pomp in their behaviors: Hassan defends Amir’s kite while he is being raped by Assef – as a means of revenge. When Amir witnessed Hassan getting raped by Assef, he doesn’t take any action. Due to his cowardice on that occasion, sheer jealousy and utter frustration due to Hassan’s saint-like behavior, and him getting more love from father than Amir the latter frames Hassan as a thief in order to get rid of him. Hassan falsely confesses – demonstrating again his saint-like characteristics. Amir is then seen to live a life of guilt within the shadows, haunted by such horrible events of the past. In Part II of the book, The Kite Runner, which takes place five years later, Amir and his father had struggled when they moved to California due to the invasion of the Soviets in Afghanistan. Before Amir’s father dies, he requests General Taheri, who’s in contempt of Amir’s literary aspiration, to let Soraya (Taheri’s daughter) and Amir marry, which General Taheri accepts without hesitation. Shortly after Amir marries Soraya, his father dies. When he settles down with his wife, he learns that they cannot have children. When Amir becomes a novelist, he receives a call from Rehan Khan, who is dying from a disease. Rehan directs Amir to meet him in Pakistan where he learns a secret that Hassan was actually his half-brother and Hassan’s father was actually not his real father, after all. The main reason Rehan Khan called Amir was to convince him to go to Kabul and rescue Hassan’s only son, Sohrab, who was being kept in an orphanage. Amir is convinced by Rehan and goes to Kabul so he can rescue Sohrab from the Taliban. In Part III of the book, it is revealed that Sohrab wasn’t in an orphanage; however, he was held captive by Assef, Amir’s childhood nemesis. Sohrab was made to dance, dressed like a woman and his statement reveals that Assef might have been raping him. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini has one of the best, yet very childish endings, where Sohrab gets to fulfill his father’s wishes by shooting out Assef’s left eye with his slingshot. This event takes place when Sohrab, in his father’s image, saves Amir from Assef – when he cruelly beats Amir as a price for keeping him captive. In the end of the book, Sohrab is seen to be emotionally damaged as he attempts suicide upon learning that Amir would not be able to keep his promise; i.e. to take Sohrab with him and eventually adopt him. Amir breaks his promise because the U.S. authorities demand paperwork which proves Sohrab’s orphan status. Eventually, Amir takes him back to the United States where Sohrab’s frozen emotions are thawed by his father’s reminisces found in Amir. Interesting facts, aren’t they? These informative facts will help you create a strong understanding of The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, so you can write a perfect exploratory essay on it. Next up, we have our second guide, 20 exploratory topics on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, to give you a headstart and a sample essay to assist you in writing it. Also look out for informative guide for an exploratory essay on the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini for a guide on how to write the same. References: N. Shamand, 2010 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini: Historical, Political and Cultural Contexts UGC, Academic Staff College, University of Kerala  http://arabicuniversitycollege.yolasite.com/resources/Faculty/NS/Dissertations/The%20Kite%20Runner%20-%20Historical,%20Political%20%20Cultural%20Contexts.pdf Azad, F. (2004). Dialogue with Khaled Hosseini. Lemar-Aftaab, 3(4), June.  http://afghanmagazine.com/2004_06/profile/khosseini.shtml Sadat, M.H. (2004). Afghan History: kite flying, kite running and kite banning. Lemar-Aftaab, 3(4), June.  http://afghanmagazine.com/2004_06/articles/hsadat.shtml The Kite Runner. (2007). Directed by Marc Forestor. Dreamworks Sherman, Sue. Cambridge Wizard Student Guide: The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. (Cambridge University Press, 2006). Sadat, Mir Hekmatullah. The Afghan Experience. (Claremont Graduate University, 2006) Claremont, California. Kaplan, Robert D. Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. (Vintage Books, 1990).

Critical Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in the Term Paper

Critical Analysis of the Trends in Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in the United States - Term Paper Example The context factors act as Vehicle Mile Travelled (VTM) growth drivers. They include legal/political climate, family structure, social/cultural conditions and technological, economical and institutional structure of the American society. The discussion provided for the impact of the outlined factors is one-sided. Most of factors such as decentralization of companies can have either effect. Travel requirements decreases as a person ages due to the decrease in the activity level and decrease in work related travels. Contrary to the earlier arguments, the aging factor does not increase or reduce the VMT. This is because the decreased levels caused by the aging population are countered by the increasing travel levels caused by the maturing young adults. However, the improved health, wealth and higher licensing rates for the elder women have curtailed the reduction in the rates of mobility for the older generation. The argument on the aging factor overlooked the impact of the economic gro wth on the VMT. This reduces the rate of VMT. Changes in the nature of work will reduce VMT because most of the employment agencies and individuals are applying the use of computer technology to enhance production. Most of the workers can work from home and avoid travelling to their work places. Most institutions of higher learning are also leaning towards introducing online lessons. This will reduce the travel requirements for most students. Decentralization of companies to rural areas can also contribute into the reduction in the VMT because companies may be located near the workforce thus, negating the travel necessity. Finished goods will be brought near retailers and consumers negating the necessity of travelling over long distance to acquire them. The impact of the aging population is reasonable because the travelling tendency of a person is dependent on the activity level. The travel frequency increases as a person matures to middle age. Children may not directly produce VMT but they increase the travel demands for their parents. The middle aged adults would directly increase the VMT as they are in the peak levels of the work related travel. It is notable that the prevalence of dispersed suburban environments and more working parents have made many teenagers rely on auto-travel to and from school. The rise in the fuel prices will generally lead to the reduction in the VMT. However, changes will be insignificant because most people are forced to drive to and from work regardless of the oil prices. Stabilization of workforce participation rates may have either impacts i.e. it can reduce or increase VMT. The increase of women workforce may lead to the increase in the need for travel. However, the rate may still reduce because the involvement of women does not signify an addition in the work force. They just fill the vacancies that would have been filled by anyone, meaning that the number of the workforce is preserved as well as their travel needs. The impa ct of most of the outlined factors is dependent on the changes in other factors. For instance, changes in the increase in the cost of driving may increase VMT in case of the future growth in the economy and income levels (Ewing 2007). Changes in manufacturing and distribution and trends in the cost of real property are the two opposing factors that can lead to increase in VMT. The decentralization of industries due to the enhancement of new

Missouri Crimes Against Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Missouri Crimes Against Property - Essay Example Usually, property crimes are large crimes targeting jewelry, electronics, for example, stereos, cameras, and other valuable equipment. Products that are included in property crime tend to be enjoyable, concealable, valuable, available, removable, and easy to dispose (Allen, 2005). This paper will look at  the State of Missouri, and its statute concerning a crime against property. A robbery charge should not be taken lightly because the outcomes of a guilty verdict are extremely harsh. Missouri law classifies a robbery charge as either that in the second degree, or that in the first degree. In Missouri, first degree robbery is categorized as a class A felony. The class A felony constitutes a prison term that is between 10 to 30 years. An individual is involved in robbery in the first degree when he uses force to steal possessions from another person and displays, threatens, uses, or possesses a deadly or dangerous weapon, or causes severe physical harm to an individual. In contrast, an individual is involved in robbery in the second degree when he employs force to steal belongings from another person (Conklin, 1972). In Missouri, second degree robbery is categorized as a class B felony. ... The definitions of robbery crime used are mainly of two types: those that are modified to the standards of American Law Institute Model Penal Code and those directly originated from the former English common law (Friedman, 2005). Missouri statues move into extra details while a small number of states like Virginia, leave the description as it is in the common law. Under the historical common law or older definitions of robbery, it demands proof of theft, the key common law theft, the theft is by fear or force, and the theft is from immediate presence or person of the victim. Use of Fear or Force The prime element of robbery is that theft be by means of either fear or force. A common form of robbery that utilizes force is mugging. In this case, the robber holds the neck of an unsuspecting individual from the rear and uses force to take his or her valuables, for example, wallet, purse, or phone. Other popular forms of force include striking a victim with a blunt object, fist, or gun. I n contrast, picking another person’s pocket is not presumed as robbery. This is because there is no perceived use of fear or force, and robbery entails the use of force and not just removing the belongings from the pocket (Siegel, 2003). Nevertheless, if the robber manhandles the victim during the taking, or if the victim is aware of the endeavor and resists, it becomes robbery. Taking from Presence or Person Another element of robbery, under historical common law,  is that the action be in the immediate presence of the victim or from the individual. Possession is considered taken from a person if it is taken from his clothing or hand, or from an area where it is hidden while the individual is running away from the robber. A victim’s